Graphitized Pitch-Based Carbons with Ordered Nanopores Synthesized by Using Colloidal Crystals as Templates

Yoon, Suk Bon; Chai, Geun Seok; Kang, Soon Ki; Yu, Jong‐Sung; Gierszal, Kamil P.; Jaroniec, Mietek

doi:10.1021/ja0423466

Cited by 262 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The relatively low and broad shape of the (002) peak implies that the CNS is composed of turbostratic carbon with weakly ordered graphene layers that are randomly rotated with respect to each other. 57,58 Figure 2 displays the Raman spectra of the Maxthal 211 powder before and after exfoliation. The peaks ω 1 , ω 2 & ω 3 and ω 4 in spectrum (a) are at 149.3, 267.8 and 360 cm −1 , respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti₂CT_x)/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte

Melchior

Raju

Ike

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

110

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The energy storage performance of one of the lightest-known MXenes, Ti 2 CT x (MX) combined with carbon nanospheres (CNS) has been investigated as a symmetric electrode system in an aqueous electrolyte (1 M Li 2 SO 4 ). The energy storage properties were interrogated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation (GCPL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and voltage-holding tests. The combined material (MX/CNS) demonstrated a higher specific capacity compared to each of the individual components. The material was fabricated with relatively high and low mass loadings, assembled into a symmetric device and performance compared. Specific capacitance, specific power and specific energy for the lower electrode mass loading of 180 F·g −1 , 37.6 kW·kg −1 and 14.1 W·h·kg −1 were all higher than 86 F·g −1 , 20.1 kW·kg −1 and 6.7 W·h·kg −1 for the higher mass loading. A wide voltage window of 1.5 V was obtained, but with limited long-term cycling behavior, suggesting the need for future improvement. Mathematical modelling and simulation of the supercapacitor showed good correlation with the experimental results, validating the model. The results reveal the potential of the Ti 2 CT x to be employed as a viable energy storage system for lightweight applications. As part of the increasing role of clean energy technologies, electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are continuously evolving components that contribute to meeting the demands of electronic apparatuses and systems and are projected to be even more significant in the future.1 In 2011, Gogotsi and co-workers, 2 first synthesized a two-dimensional (2-D) layered material called MXene, by selectively etching aluminum (Al), using hydrofluoric acid (HF) from the MAX phase material. MAX phase materials are layered ternary carbide and nitride materials with the general chemical formula of M n+1 AX n (where 'M' represents an early transition metal, 'A' represents a group IIIA or IVA element, 'X' is C and/or N, and n may equal 1, 2, or 3). There are more than 70 different MAX phase compositions currently known. 3,4 MXenes are formed when the 'A' element is etched out of the MAX phase material, and subsequently have a general formula of M n+1 X n T x (where T represent surface functional groups such as F, OH or O, and x is the number of functional groups that are attached to the surface following the etching process).5 This newly discovered family of materials has similar properties to graphene with good electronic conductivity and different surface terminations enabling the possibility to manipulate their properties to fit different applications. 2-D materials potentially have large electroactive surfaces and therefore attract research attention. MXenes are currently studied, both theoretically and experimentally, as potential electrode materials for energy storage devices such as batteries [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and ECs 9,14,17-32 as well as other uses. 33,34Although the MXene materials do not possess such a high surface ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti₂CT_x)/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte

Melchior

Raju

Ike

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

110

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“…[ 32 ] Raman spectroscopy is considered to be a solid method for studying carbon phases. A band around 1575 cm − 1 (G-band) is the Raman active E 2g mode of 2D graphite, which is associated with the vibration in all sp 2 bonded carbon atoms in a carbon lattice, such as a graphene layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Partially Graphitic Ordered Mesoporous Carbons with High Surface Areas

Gao

Wan

Dou

et al. 2010

Advanced Energy Materials

178

120

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Graphitic carbons with ordered mesostructure and high surface areas (of great interest in applications such as energy storage) have been synthesized by a direct triblock‐copolymer‐templating method. Pluronic F127 is used as a structure‐directing agent, with a low‐molecular‐weight phenolic resol as a carbon source, ferric oxide as a catalyst, and silica as an additive. Inorganic oxides can be completely eliminated from the carbon. Small‐angle XRD and N2 sorption analysis show that the resultant carbon materials possess an ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructure, uniform bimodal mesopores (about 1.5 and 6 nm), high surface area (∼1300 m2/g), and large pore volumes (∼1.50 cm3/g) after low‐temperature pyrolysis (900 °C). All surface areas come from mesopores. Wide‐angle XRD patterns demonstrate that the presence of the ferric oxide catalyst and the silica additive lead to a marked enhancement of graphitic ordering in the framework. Raman spectra provide evidence of the increased content of graphitic sp2 carbon structures. Transmission electron microscopy images confirm that numerous domains in the ordered mesostructures are composed of characteristic graphitic carbon nanostructures. The evolution of the graphitic structure is dependent on the temperature and the concentrations of the silica additive, and ferric oxide catalyst. Electrochemical measurements performed on this graphitic mesoporous carbon when used as an electrode material for an electrochemical double layer capacitor shows rectangular‐shaped cyclic voltammetry curves over a wide range of scan rates, even up to 200 mV/s, with a large capacitance of 155 F/g in KOH electrolyte. This method can be widely applied to the synthesis of graphitized carbon nanostructures.

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“…Under extremely high temperatures (always above 2800 °C), the disordered microstructures in the precursors can be transformed into highly ordered graphitic structures. This process increases the energy consumption, the cost, and the complexity (Greene et al 2002;Yoon et al 2005;Fan and Han 2011;Huang et al 2013). As a result, the development of new materials and new graphitization methods for the preparation of graphite or graphitic material is desirable, both to replace the use of scarce natural graphite and to find ways to produce commercial graphite at lower temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Graphitization of Cellulose Using Nickel as Catalyst

Chen¹,

Sun²,

Wang³

et al. 2018

BioResources

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Graphitized Pitch-Based Carbons with Ordered Nanopores Synthesized by Using Colloidal Crystals as Templates

Cited by 262 publications

References 27 publications

High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti₂CT_x)/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte

High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti₂CT_x)/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte

Synthesis of Partially Graphitic Ordered Mesoporous Carbons with High Surface Areas

Catalytic Graphitization of Cellulose Using Nickel as Catalyst

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Graphitized Pitch-Based Carbons with Ordered Nanopores Synthesized by Using Colloidal Crystals as Templates

Cited by 262 publications

References 27 publications

High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti2CTx)/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte

High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti2CTx)/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte

Synthesis of Partially Graphitic Ordered Mesoporous Carbons with High Surface Areas

Catalytic Graphitization of Cellulose Using Nickel as Catalyst

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Product

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High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti₂CT_x)/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte

High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti₂CT_x)/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte