Catalytic Graphitization of Cellulose Using Nickel as Catalyst

Chen, Chao; Sun, Kang; Wang, Ao; Wang, Siqun; Jiang, Jibo

doi:10.15376/biores.13.2.3165-3176

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…A similar trend has been reported by M.T. and Chen et al, (2018) in their research work, diffraction peak with increased kurtosis showing that greater crystalline ordering was achieved at higher heat treatment temperature. Furthermore, a sample prepared at 1400˚C also exhibits noticeable peak at 2ϴ~ 42˚, 44˚ and 54˚ corresponding to (100), ( 101) and ( 004) diffraction of graphitic frameworks, indicating a better quality in stacking, crystallinity and stacking thickness (Vázquez-Santos et al, 2012;Made Joni et al, 2018).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…1 shows the XRD patterns for all PKS sample prepared at various graphitization temperature. All carbon sample exhibits well resolved (002) diffraction peak at 2Ꝋ= 26˚corresponding to (002) plane of graphite (Chen et al, 2018;Made Joni et al, 2018).The patterns clearly exhibit stronger intensified peak as graphitization temperature increased from 1000˚C to 1400˚C associated with strong degree of graphitization. At 1000˚C only small graphite peak is observed, but, as with temperature increase, the peak is more noticeable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The effect of changing graphitization temperature toward bio-graphite from Palm Kernel Shell

Othman

Kamal

Jabarullah

2021

Production Engineering Archives

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This paper focuses on the relationship between heat treatment temperature toward structural transformation from amorphous carbon to highly graphitic carbon material during a production stage.The following report discusses a simple strategy to convert the palm kernel shell (PKS) into highly crystalline, high quality graphite via simple two-step process. The production involves impregnation of catalyst followed by thermal treatment. Both XRD and Raman spectroscopy allowed the observation of microstructural change of the prepared sample at temperature ranging from 1000°C to 1400°C using Ferum catalyst. From XRD pattern it can be observed that as graphitization temperature increased, the degree of graphitization also increased. Overall sample prepared at higher temperature 1400°C shows a higher degree of graphitization. PKS sample graphitized at 1400°C with the aid of Ferum catalyst shows a sharp intensified peak at 2θ = 26.5° reflecting formation of highly crystalline graphite structure. Raman spectrum also suggests similar results to XRD in which PKS-1400 shows the presence of large amount of graphitic structure as the value of (Id/Ig) ratio is lower than in other samples. HRTEM analysis visibly shows define lattice fringe, which further confirms the structural transformation from amorphous to highly ordered graphitic carbon structure. Overall, good quality graphitic carbon structure from Palm Kernel shell was succesfully synthesised via utilization of PKS, Ferum catalsyt and heat treatment method.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The effect of changing graphitization temperature toward bio-graphite from Palm Kernel Shell

Othman

Kamal

Jabarullah

2021

Production Engineering Archives

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“…53 For instance, the conductivity of PGC-400 lm ($10 À6 S cm À1 ) is comparable with that of porous carbon pyrolyzed at 900 C, 54 while PGC-700 and -800 lms exhibit much higher conductivities than most other porous carbon materials pyrolyzed at similar temperatures (Table S1 †). [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] The signicantly higher conductivity of PGC pyrolyzed at low temperature is critically important to achieve a general low-energy consumption production of functional graphitic carbon materials, and to enable the employment of PGC in temperature-sensitive fabrications and applications.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solution-processable porous graphitic carbon from bottom-up synthesis and low-temperature graphitization

Che

Wang

et al. 2021

Chem. Sci.

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“…With decreasing temperature, the metal saturated with the disordered carbon is supersaturated with carbon. Consequently, carbon precipitates in the form of graphite crystal because graphite is a highly ordered carbon with the lowest Gibbs free energy [45,59].…”

Section: The Possible Mechanisms For Graphitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xiangyang et al (2016) used wheat stalk as a carbon precursor and reported d-spacing of 0.3362 nm, and Jujiao et al (2016) reported 0.34 nm d-spacing using chitosan[58]. Other findings show d-spacing between 0.337 and 0.346 using various raw materials[24,28,44,55,59].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modification of Palm Waste Lignocellulosic Materials into Biographite Using Iron and Nickel Catalyst

2021

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This paper presents an alternative way to maximize the utilization of palm waste by implementing a green approach to modify lignocellulosic materials into a highly crystalline biographite. A bio-graphite structure was successfully synthesized by converting lignocellulosic materials via a simple method using palm kernel shell (PKS) as a carbon precursor. This involved the direct impregnation of a catalyst into raw material followed by a thermal treatment. The structural transformation of the carbon was observed to be significantly altered by employing different types of catalysts and varying thermal treatment temperatures. Both XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the microstructural alteration occurred in the carbon structure of the sample prepared at 800 and 1000 °C using iron, nickel or the hybrid of iron-nickel catalysts. The XRD pattern revealed a high degree of graphitization for the sample prepared at 1000 °C, and it was evident that iron was the most active graphitization catalyst. The presence of an intensified peak was observed at 2θ = 26.5°, reflecting the formation of a highly ordered graphitic structure as a result of the interaction between the iron catalyst and the thermal treatment process at 1000 °C. The XRD observation was further supported by the Raman spectrum in which PKS-Fe1000 showed a lower defect structure associated with the presence of a significant amount of graphitic structure, as a low value of (Id/Ig) ratio was reported. An HRTEM image showed a well-defined lattice fringe seen on the structure for PKS-Fe1000; meanwhile, a disordered microstructure was observed for the control sample, indicating that successful structural modification was achieved with the aid of the catalyst. Further analysis from BET found that the PKS-Fe1000 developed a surface area of 202.932 m2/g with a pore volume of 0.208 cm3/g. An overall successful modification from palm waste into graphitic material was achieved. Thus, this study will help those involved in waste management to evaluate the possibility of a sustainable process for the generation of graphite material from palm waste. It can be concluded that palm waste is a potential source of production for graphite material through the adoption of the proposed waste management process.

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Catalytic Graphitization of Cellulose Using Nickel as Catalyst

Cited by 24 publications

References 34 publications

The effect of changing graphitization temperature toward bio-graphite from Palm Kernel Shell

The effect of changing graphitization temperature toward bio-graphite from Palm Kernel Shell

Solution-processable porous graphitic carbon from bottom-up synthesis and low-temperature graphitization

A Modification of Palm Waste Lignocellulosic Materials into Biographite Using Iron and Nickel Catalyst

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