Graphitic Carbon Nitride Polymers toward Sustainable Photoredox Catalysis

Zheng, Yun; Lin, Lihua; Wang, Bo; Wang, Xinchen

doi:10.1002/anie.201501788

Cited by 1,267 publications

(655 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…The results put a step towards artificial photosynthesis where the lightweight B, C, and N elements and inexpensive cobalt ions can be constructed as sustainable 2D semiconductor nanohybrids for addressing energy and environmental issues by photoredox catalysis. It is the high thermal and mechanical stabilities of h-BCN together with its high surface area and ease surface modifications that allow for the innovative and rational design of new heterogeneous (photo)catalysts for green synthesis, but also as 2D functional semiconductors for future electronic and (opto) electronic devices [48,49].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic water oxidation by layered Co/h-BCN hybrids

et al. 2015

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The search for new materials has progressed from metal-based photocatalysts to elemental semiconductors (C, Si, P, S, B) [11][12][13][14][15] and recently to metal-free binary materials and polymers, such as carbon nitride [16], boron carbide [17] and conjugated semiconductors [18][19][20]. These researches indicate that photon absorbing materials can be constituted by using lightweight elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and boron, opening up new opportunities for the selection of innovative and intriguing materials for artificial photosynthesis. It is of particular interest that some of these elements themselves (graphene [21], silicone [22]) or their combinations (h-BN, g-C 3 N 4 ) [23] can form layered structures with reduced thickness comparable to charge-diffusion distance, and thus if a semiconducting electronic structure was imparted in these materials, the fast separation of light-induced charge carrier would significantly benefit surface photoredox process that relied on the excitation and separation of electron-hole pairs and their subsequent participation in surface chemical reactions [24][25][26]. An interesting case of such a layered material is ternary h-BCN with tuneable ba nd gap energies between graphene (zero bandgap) and h-BN (bandgap = 5.6 eV) [27], which have the same atomic structure and share many similar properties. The hybridized phases of the two two-dimensional (2D) materials by atomic mixture of B, N, and C with broad composition ranges to create various layered semiconducting structures would produce new material functions complementary to graphene and h-BN, enabling a wide variety of electronic structures, applications and properties [28][29][30]. Such an emerging family of chemically inert and mechanically strong 2D materials practically allows the bandgap-engineered applications in heterogeneous photocatalysis by creating a medium-gap ternary semiconductor, in which the band gap, redox energy levels, p/n-type properties and surface acid-base chemistry can in principle be modulated by rational design and synthesis [31,32].A hexagonal boron carbon nitride (h-BCN) semiconductor was applied to intercalate cobalt ions to catalyze oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with light illumination, without using noble metals. The h-BCN with high specific surface area showed a strong chemical affinity towards metal ions due to the "lop-sided" densities characteristic of ionic B-N bonding, enabling the creation of metal/h-BCN hybrid layered structures with unique properties. As exemplified here by Co/h-BCN for water oxidation catalysis, after intercalating cobalt ions in the h-BCN host, the photocatalytic activity of the resultant layered hybrid is optimized due to their synergic catalysis that promotes charge separation and lowers reaction barriers. This finding promises a new nobel-metal-free nanocompsite using cost-acceptable and earth-abundant sust ances for photocatalytic OER, and enables the facile design of duel catalytic cascades by merging transition metal catalysis with h-BCN (photo)catalys...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic water oxidation by layered Co/h-BCN hybrids

et al. 2015

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“…3) There are numerous reported studies related to inorganic CN compounds. 4) In the previous studies, a Laser-Heated DiamondAnvil Cell (LH-DAC) was often used to synthesize the cubic C 3 N 4 and related compounds. The manuscript by Bordon et al above also employed the synthesis experiments by using LH-DAC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular routes syntheses of graphite-like C–N compounds with various N/C ratios in high pressure and temperature

Horibe

Kusaba

Niwa

et al. 2016

J. Ceram. Soc. Japan

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Graphite-like carbon nitride inorganic compounds were synthesized from molecular 1,2,4-triazole C 2 N 3 H 3 in high pressure and temperature conditions using a DIA-type multianvil large press. It was found that the N/C content ratio of the carbon nitrides can be systematically controlled by changing the heating temperature at 5 GPa. The substitution of nitrogen for carbon in graphene layers results in the low crystallinity of the synthesized CN compounds. It should be noted that the c-axis which is equivalent of the distance between two graphene layers, decreases monotonously with increasing N/C content ratio. This is attributed to both of the smaller atomic size of nitrogen than that of carbon and Van der Waals attraction between CN graphene layers because of the different electronegativity between nitrogen and carbon.

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“…Commonly, it is believed that two different analogues, namely s-triazine Visible-Light Photocatalysis of Carbon-Based Materialsand tri-s-triazine (heptazine), are co-existed to separately construct the ideal polymeric carbon nitride units [22][23][24][25]. Being energetically higher s-triazine is thermodynamically unfavourable to synthesize carbon nitride with pure s-triazine unit.…”

Section: Carbon Nitride-based Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible Light–Driven Hydrogen Production by Carbon based Polymeric Materials

Pati¹,

In²,

Tian³

2018

Visible-Light Photocatalysis of Carbon-Based Materials

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Converting solar energy into storable solar fuels such as H 2 from earth abundant sourcewater-is a nice approach to find the solution of energy crisis and environmental protection. There are two half reactions; first, water oxidation into oxygen and proton and followed by proton reduction led to H 2 evolution from water. After two decades of continuous attempts, there have been several efficient water oxidation photocatalysts introduced, whereas the proton reduction photocatalyst were relatively less explored. Major portion of reported photocatalysts for proton reduction are mainly derived from either noble metals or precious metals. Carbon-based organic photocatalysts have become attractive recently. These organic materials have several advantages like light weight, cheap, well-defined structure-property relationship and the most attractive one is better batch to batch reproducibility. Here, the reported organic photocatalysts and their performance are summarized which in fact help others to get an idea about ongoing progress in this area of research and to understand the basic designing principle for efficient photocatalysts for fuel production.

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Graphitic Carbon Nitride Polymers toward Sustainable Photoredox Catalysis

Cited by 1,267 publications

References 156 publications

Photocatalytic water oxidation by layered Co/h-BCN hybrids

Photocatalytic water oxidation by layered Co/h-BCN hybrids

Molecular routes syntheses of graphite-like C–N compounds with various N/C ratios in high pressure and temperature

Visible Light–Driven Hydrogen Production by Carbon based Polymeric Materials

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Graphitic Carbon Nitride Polymers toward Sustainable Photoredox Catalysis

Cited by 1,267 publications

References 156 publications

Photocatalytic water oxidation by layered Co/h-BCN hybrids

Photocatalytic water oxidation by layered Co/h-BCN hybrids

Molecular routes syntheses of graphite-like C&ndash;N compounds with various N/C ratios in high pressure and temperature

Visible Light–Driven Hydrogen Production by Carbon based Polymeric Materials

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Molecular routes syntheses of graphite-like C–N compounds with various N/C ratios in high pressure and temperature