Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets Covalently Functionalized with Biocompatible Vitamin B₁: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Superior Performance for Synthesis of Quinoxalines

Abstract

The physical properties of two-dimensional nanosheet materials make them promising candidates as active materials in the areas of photoelectronics, fuel cells, sensors, water splitting, solar energy conversion, CO 2 reduction, and heterogeneous catalysis. Among two-dimensional nanosheet materials, graphitic carbon nitride due to its electronic structure and high chemical and thermal stability possesses unique properties. Covalent functionalization of graphitic carbon nitride could be the key step in modifying its ability and significantly improving its properties. To this purpose, a novel strategy for the covalent functionalization of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets (CN) with vitamin B 1 (VB 1 ) by using 1,3-dibromopropane as a covalent linker for the first time is demonstrated. The obtained CN-Pr-VB 1 exhibits increased thermal stability compared to the VB 1 which is important in the practice application and can be easily dispersed in common organic solvents. The efficacy of the CN-Pr-VB 1 as a heterogeneous organocatalyst was evaluated in the quinoxaline synthesis under solvent-free conditions and afforded good isolated yield with high purity. Moreover, the prepared catalyst could be facilely recycled and reused for seven consecutive cycles without a noticeable decrease in the catalytic activity. Extensive characterization confirmed the stability of morphology and chemical structure after recyclability of the CN-Pr-VB 1 .

Preparation and characterization of graphitic carbon nitride-supported l-arginine as a highly efficient and recyclable catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of condensation reactions

“…The diffraction peaks at 2θ = 27.69 and 15.96 (Fig. 6 a) prove the successful synthesis of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets 1 , 7 , 28 , while the diffraction peaks at 2θ = 6.07, 10.85, 12.21, 23.60, and 30.97 (Fig. 6 b) correspond to l -arginine (JCPDS card no.…”

“…The peaks at 1303 and 1082 cm −1 are attributed to the stretching vibration of C–N bonds formed between triazine and N–H groups, while the stretching vibration of C–N bonds in the ring is easily visible at 1448 and 1379 cm −1 29 , 30 . In addition, the peak at 786 cm −1 is associated with the vibration of tri-s-triazine units 1 (Fig. 3 a).…”

“…Synthesis of this class of catalysts requires a support with high surface area for the adequate dispersion of primary catalyst. For this reason, using a suitable support is of high importance in the synthesis of such catalysts 1 – 4 .…”

Development of g-C3N4-TiO2 visible active hybrid photocatalyst for the photodegradation of methyl orange

“…Contrast to bulk, single-layered g-C 3 N 4 nano-sheet has more tendencies towards the formation of efficient nanocomposite photocatalyst to degrade organic pollutants and H 2 production [27]. Here, in every sample (002) diffraction plane at around 27.4°-27.8° is due to reduction of the interplanar stacking because of the thermal degradation of bulk g-C 3 N 4 [28,29].…”

Copper(II)-β-cyclodextrin immobilized on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as a highly effective catalyst for tandem oxidative amidation of benzylic alcohols

“…In this regard, various materials like graphene oxide, Nitrogen-doped (N-doped) graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, metal chalcogenide, and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) can be used 25 . g-C 3 N 4 as a metal-free polymeric structure with two-dimensional layered morphology, has attracted special attention due to the features such as chemical and thermal stability, wide surface area, and biocompatibility 26 . CN, as one of the most important forms of g-C 3 N 4 has many applications in fields of dyes photodegradation 27 , solar energy 28 , supercapacitors 29 , water splitting 30 , sensors 31 , hydrogen evolution 32 , and catalysts 33 .…”