Graphite-Based Nanocomposite Electrochemical Sensor for Multiplex Detection of Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine: A Biomedical Prospect for Studying DNA Damage

Abstract

Guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine (C) are the four basic constituents of DNA. Studies on DNA composition have focused especially on DNA damage and genotoxicity. However, the development of a rapid, simple, and multiplex method for the simultaneous measurement of the four DNA bases remains a challenge. In this study, we describe a graphite-based nanocomposite electrode (Au-rGO/MWCNT/graphite) that uses a simple electro-co-deposition approach. We successfully applied the developed sensor for multiplex detection of G, A, T, and C, using square-wave voltammetry. The sensor was tested using real animal and plant DNA samples in which the hydrolysis of T and C could be achieved with 8 mol L of acid. The electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity (G = 178.8 nA/μg mL, A = 92.9 nA/μg mL, T = 1.4 nA/μg mL, and C = 15.1 9 nA/μg mL), low limit of detection (G, A = 0.5 μg mL; T, C = 1.0 μg mL), and high selectivity in the presence of common interfering factors from biological matrixes. The reliability of the established method was assessed by method validation and comparison with the ultraperformance liquid chromatography technique, and a correlation of 103.7% was achieved.

Simultaneous Determination of Four DNA bases at Graphene Oxide/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite-Modified Electrode

“…The LODs were determined as 0.12, 0.11, 0.43, 1.71, and 0.80 µM for UA, G, A, T, and C, respectively. In comparison with the other electrochemical ones reported in the literature, this nanocomposite-modified sensor had a promising performance for detecting all four nucleobases in the presence of UA simultaneously, as it demonstrates a low LOD and a wide linear range for each analyte as shown in Table 2 [5,32,33,[37][38][39][40][41][42]. The performance between classical chromatography methods and our proposed electrochemical method were compared in Table S2.…”

“…Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an important bio-macromolecule which plays a critical role in the storage of genetic information and the overall functioning of biological systems [1][2][3][4][5]. Deoxyribonucleic acid is composed of four nucleobases: guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine (C).…”

“…Both G and A are classified as purines, whereas T and C are known as pyrimidines. These bases are the essential building blocks of the three-dimensional DNA double helix structure, where G is the complementary base with C, and A is the complementary base with T [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The order sequence of these bases in DNA is imperative, as it initiates several meticulous processes such synthesis of proteins by replication and transcription of the genetic information and duplication of the cell [1,4,7].…”

Charge Transfer Platform and Catalytic Amplification of Phenanthroimidazole Derivative: A New Strategy for DNA Bases Recognition

“…The as-prepared sensor exhibited brilliant electrochemical performance toward the multiplex detection of bases with significant peak separation, ensuring the possibility to distinguish four DNA bases without any separation pretreatment process. In this system, poly(PPI) displays three functions: (1) The enlarged π-conjugated architecture of poly(PPI) constructs a signal-enhancing system, which amplifies the response current of the bases oxidation. (2) Nonplanar growth of conducting polymer film could interact with the bases via π−π interactions, contributing to decreasing the activation energies of the electrocatalytic reactions and providing more recognition points for the electrochemical sensing process.…”

Fe2V4O13 Nanoparticles Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Simultaneous Determination of Guanine and Adenine at Nanomolar Concentration

“…Hence, better analytical current could be expected. Further, the slight decrease in the peak current after 150 s is due to the surface saturation of the Fe 2 V 4 O 13 NPs/CPE . Therefore, the optimal accumulation time of 150 s was preferred for further studies.…”