Graphene Oxide Supported Liposomes as Red Emissive Theranostics for Phototriggered Tissue Visualization and Tumor Regression

Abstract

Selective tissue visualization and localized tumor regression without affecting the surrounding healthy tissues are critical concerns in cancer nanomedicine. Importantly, the complete wrapping of a flimsy matrix like liposome by multifunctional graphene oxide is an interesting engineering idea for nanomedicine design. Moreover, designing a safe and biodegradable nanohybrid with significant theranostic ability is a current need for targeted combined therapies. Here, we report a comprehensive result of in vivo tumor diagnosis and phototriggered tumor regression using a biodegradable red emissive nanotheranostic system, viz., graphene oxide flakes fortified liposome (GOF-Lipo), functionalized with folic acid (FA): GOF-Lipo-FA. Graphene oxide support enhances the stability of drug-loaded liposomes in an extracellular environment that prevents the premature release of loaded anticancer drug from the liposomal cavity. Promising outcomes of tumor regression (∼300 to 25 mm 3 ) from organized cellular and animal studies are demonstrated in this work. These studies reveal superior biocompatibility, deep intracellular localization, 4T1 breast tumor diagnosis, and long time tumor binding ability of an injected emissive nanohybrid. Overall, a single dose of designed multifunctional systems demonstrates the best tumor regression.

Ciprofloxacin and Graphene Oxide Combination—New Face of a Known Drug

“…However, the great advantage of liposomes over other carriers is the extensive knowledge of liposomes [ 47 ]. Perhaps a good way is to combine the advantages of both materials, such as wrapping of a flimsy matrix like liposome by multifunctional graphene oxide [ 48 ]. These materials have been shown to interact with each other.…”

Liposomal nanotheranostics for multimode targeted in vivo bioimaging and near‐infrared light mediated cancer therapy

“…anotheranostics is an advanced development for localized imaging and cancer therapy [1][2][3][4][5] . So far, various conjugated nanohybrids have been proposed for noninvasive diagnosis and therapeutics, but their clinical translational is slow [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] . On the other hand, early stage tumor diagnosis and high accumulation of nanosized systems into a solid tumor environment are of crucial concern in onconanomedicine that needs to be addressed [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] .…”

“…On the other hand, early stage tumor diagnosis and high accumulation of nanosized systems into a solid tumor environment are of crucial concern in onconanomedicine that needs to be addressed [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . Traditionally used and previously attempted theranostics systems are facing several challenges, such as low image resolution, high toxicity, rapid clearance, poor and nonspecific biodistribution, low stability, fast aggregation, slow degradation, nonspecific biodistribution, shortage of multifunctional ability, and low tissue penetration ability 6,[20][21][22][23][24] . Hence, these limitations hamper the preclinical investigations of nanobiomaterials in nanomedicine 14,20 .…”

“…Hence, these limitations hamper the preclinical investigations of nanobiomaterials in nanomedicine 14,20 . Thus, various integrated imaging, therapeutics, and targeting agents in a single platform, the so-called targeted theranostics agents, have been proposed for better outcomes 6,7,14 . However, integrating an "all in one platform" at nanoscale may reduce its diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy due to premature release of loaded diagnostic and therapeutic agents [24][25][26][27][28][29] .…”

“…In addition, the potential impact of enhanced permeability and retention effect, improving the uptake of nanohybrids into solid tumor microenvironment is a critical concern 7,14,20,[35][36][37] . Second, targeting biomolecules improve the circulation and accumulation of injected nanoprobes for selective targeting to cancer cells, but are not yet convincing 6,[38][39][40] . Now, the question about how to improve the accumulation of nanosized particles into solid tumor environment is the main focus of the present work.…”