Graphene-based materials are of interest in electrochemical
biosensing
due to their unique properties, such as high surface areas, unique
electrochemical properties, and biocompatibility. However, the scalable
production of graphene electrodes remains a challenge; it is typically
slow, expensive, and inefficient. Herein, we reported a simple, fast,
and maskless method for large-scale, low-cost reduced graphene oxide
electrode fabrication; using direct writing (laser scribing and inkjet
printing) coupled with a stamp-transferring method. In this process,
graphene oxide is simultaneously reduced and patterned with a laser,
before being press-stamped onto polyester sheets. The transferred
electrodes were characterized by SEM, XPS, Raman, and electrochemical
methods. The biosensing utility of the electrodes was demonstrated
by developing an electrochemical test for Escherichia coli. These biosensors exhibited a wide dynamic range (917–2.1
× 107 CFU/mL) of low limits of detection (283 CFU/mL)
using just 5 μL of sample. The test was also verified in spiked
artificial urine, and the sensor was integrated into a portable wireless
system driven and measured by a smartphone. This work demonstrates
the potential to use these biosensors for real-world, point-of-care
applications. Hypothetically, the devices are suitable for the detection
of other pathogenic bacteria.