Graphene oxide encapsulated forsterite scaffolds to improve mechanical properties and antibacterial behavior

Abstract

It is very desirable to have good antibacterial properties and mechanical properties at the same time for bone scaffolds. Graphene oxide (GO) can increase the mechanical properties and antibacterial performance, while forsterite (Mg2SiO4) as the matrix can increase forsterite/GO scaffolds' biological activity for bone tissue engineering. Interconnected porous forsterite scaffolds were developed by space holder processes for bone tissue engineering in this research. The forsterite/GO scaffolds had a porosity of 76-78% with pore size of 300–450 μm. The mechanism of the mechanical strengthening, antibacterial activity, and cellular function of the forsterite/GO scaffold was evaluated. The findings show that the compressive strength of forsterite/1wt.% GO scaffold (2.4±0.1 MPa) was significantly increased, in comparison to forsterite scaffolds without GO (1.4±0.1 MPa). Validation of the samples' bioactivity was attained by forming a hydroxyapatite (HAp) layer on the forsterite/GO surface within in vitro immersion test. The results of cell viability demonstrated that synthesized forsterite scaffolds with low GO did not show cytotoxicity and enhanced cell proliferation. Antibacterial tests showed that the antibacterial influence of forsterite/GO scaffold was strongly correlated with GO concentration from 0.5 to 2 wt.%. The scaffold encapsulated with 2wt.% GO had the great antibacterial performance with bacterial inhibition rate around 90%. As results show, the produced forsterite/1wt.% GO can be an attractive option for bone tissue engineering.

Effects of mechanical properties of carbon-based nanocomposites on scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a comprehensive review

“…Mainly, carbon nanomaterials can increase the mechanical characteristic of composites due to the following reasons: (1) easy chemical functionalization, 58 (2) interaction of functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, ketone, and epoxy in various types of carbon nanomaterials with other functional groups in composite components, 59 (3) formation of strong p-p interaction between carbon sheets and other composite components, 60 and (4) formation of hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl and carbonyl groups of carbon nanomaterials and hydroxyl groups of other components in composites. 61 According to the information provided in the literature, carbon nanostructures and the aforementioned interactions enhance the mechanical properties including compressive strength, 62 tensile strength, 63 toughness, 64 Young's modulus, 65 and elastic modulus 66 of composites. The effective mechanical properties of carbon nanomaterials in the composites facilitate their use in several biomedical applications, especially tissue engineering.…”

“…According to the information provided in the literature, carbon nanostructures and the aforementioned interactions enhance the mechanical properties including compressive strength, 62 tensile strength, 63 toughness, 64 Young's modulus, 65 and elastic modulus 66 of composites. The effective mechanical properties of carbon nanomaterials in the composites facilitate their use in several biomedical applications, especially tissue engineering.…”

Multifunctional MXene-Based Platforms for Soft and Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering

“…This field combines various strategies, including cell-based therapies, scaffolds, and bioactive molecules, to achieve synergistic effects and enhance tissue regeneration outcomes. By utilizing these approaches, soft tissue engineering seeks to promote the regeneration of soft tissues like skin, blood vessels, and muscles, ultimately improving the quality of life for patients with tissue damage or loss. , Soft tissue engineering allows for the development of personalized treatments tailored to individual patients, considering factors such as tissue defects, patient-specific characteristics, and functional requirements. , In addition, the use of biomaterial scaffolds provides structural support, facilitates cell infiltration, and guides tissue regeneration. , These scaffolds can be designed to mimic the native tissue architecture, providing a favorable environment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. − Notably, strategies applied for soft TRE should enable the controlled release of bioactive factors, such as growth factors or cytokines, to promote tissue regeneration. This localized delivery enhances therapeutic efficacy while minimizing potential side effects .…”

Scaffolds in the microbial resistant era: Fabrication, materials, properties and tissue engineering applications

“…1% GO encapsulated forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ) scaffolds recently showed a porosity of 76%–78% with pore size of 300–450 ​μm, good cell biocompatibility, enhanced cell proliferation and potent antibacterial performance for bone tissue engineering [ 150 ].…”