Graphene Oxide-Based Stimuli-Responsive Platforms for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Graphene is a two-dimensional sp2 hybridized carbon material that has attracted tremendous attention for its stimuli-responsive applications, owing to its high surface area and excellent electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The physicochemical properties of graphene can be tuned by surface functionalization. The biomedical field pays special attention to stimuli-responsive materials due to their responsive abilities under different conditions. Stimuli-responsive materials exhibit great potential in changing their behavior upon exposure to external or internal factors, such as pH, light, electric field, magnetic field, and temperature. Graphene-based materials, particularly graphene oxide (GO), have been widely used in stimuli-responsive applications due to their superior biocompatibility compared to other forms of graphene. GO has been commonly utilized in tissue engineering, bioimaging, biosensing, cancer therapy, and drug delivery. GO-based stimuli-responsive platforms for wound healing applications have not yet been fully explored. This review describes the effects of different stimuli-responsive factors, such as pH, light, temperature, and magnetic and electric fields on GO-based materials and their applications. The wound healing applications of GO-based materials is extensively discussed with cancer therapy and drug delivery.

Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Current Status and Future Directions

“…Electric responsive polymers such as polypyrrole [ 161 ], Polyaniline [ 162 ], poly-imines [ 163 ] and graphene [ 164 ] are used to fabricate drug delivery carriers. Electro-responsive graphene carriers functionalised with aldehydes (as model drug) through imine-based linkers through covalent bonding and its cleavage upon electrolysis releases the drug [ 165 ].…”

Carbon-Based Materials in Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapies Applied to Tumor Destruction

“…The excellent efficiency of GO photothermal conversion in the NIR region makes it susceptible to use in PTT [ 64 ]. In recent years, highly elaborate hybrids have been developed to improve the solubility and selectivity of GO.…”

Cyclodextrin-Modified Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery: Classification and Advances in Controlled Release and Bioavailability

“…In drug delivery, the systems that incorporate graphene-derived nanomaterials mainly seek to increase the loading capacity of drugs and control their release by applying stimuli such as alternating the magnetic field (AMF), or changes in pH or temperature [112,113]. In this field, there are various studies on polymers and CDs along with graphene derivatives, such as fullerenes [114], reduced graphene oxide [115], or carbon nanotubes [116]; however, the leading works are those that incorporate graphene oxide (GO) [117].…”