Graphene/dodecanol floating solidification microextraction for the preconcentration of trace levels of cinnamic acid derivatives in traditional Chinese medicines

Abstract

A novel graphene/dodecanol floating solidification microextraction followed by HPLC with diode-array detection has been developed to extract trace levels of four cinnamic acid derivatives in traditional Chinese medicines. Several parameters affecting the performance were investigated and optimized. Also, possible microextraction mechanism was analyzed and discussed. Under the optimum conditions (amount of graphene in dodecanol: 0.25 mg/mL; volume of extraction phase: 70 μL; pH of sample phase: 3; extraction time: 30 min; stirring rate: 1000 rpm; salt amount: 26.5% NaCl; volume of sample phase: 10 mL, and without dispersant addition), the enrichment factors of four cinnamic acid derivatives ranged from 26 to 112, the linear ranges were 1.0 × 10 -10.0 μg/mL for caffeic acid, 1.3 × 10 -1.9 μg/mL for p-hydroxycinnamic acid, 2.8 × 10 -4.1 μg/mL for ferulic acid, and 2.7 × 10 -4.1 μg/mL for cinnamic acid, with r ≥ 0.9993. The detection limits were found to be in the range of 0.1-1.0 ng/mL, and satisfactory recoveries (92.5-111.2%) and precisions (RSDs 1.1-9.5%) were also achieved. The results showed that the approach is simple, effective and sensitive for the preconcentration and determination of trace levels of cinnamic acid derivatives in Chinese medicines. The proposed method was compared with conventional dodecanol floating solidification microextraction and other extraction methods.

Development of Effervescent-assisted Liquid Phase Microextraction using 1-dodecanol for Determination of Ketoprofen Drug in Water

“…The normality assumption was satisfied as to the residuals in the plot distributed along a straight line ( (Przyjazny, 2019). 1-dodecanol is a good extraction solvent owing to its hydrophobic end and hydroxyl group that can extract target analytes by hydrophobic or hydrogen bond effect (Hu et al, 2017).…”

Cinnamic Acid Derivatives and Their Biological Efficacy

“…Atmaram Upare et al synthesized cinnamic acid derivatives (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) (Figure 4) in which the carboxyl group was replaced with bioisostere 1,2,4-oxadiazole followed by substituting the phenyl ring of the cinnamic acid resulting in a series of novel styryl oxadiazoles. The compounds were tested in vitro at day 8 for their anti-tubercular activity against H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Table 2).…”

“…Apart from them being intermediates in producing other compounds like stilbenes and styrenes, cinnamic acid derivatives exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory [10], neuroprotective [11], anticancer [12] and antidiabetic activities [13]. Cinnamic acid derivatives that have been reported by researchers include ferulic acid, curcumin [11], caffeic acid, p-hydroxycinnamic acid [14] coumaric and chlorogenic acids [15], etc. These cinnamic acid analogues are differentiated by the presence of hydroxyl groups on the phenyl ring that are either free or methoxylated [15].…”

Comparison of three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction based on reverse micelle with conventional two‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction and their applications for analysis of cinnamic acids in traditional Chinese medicines

“…LPME can be mainly classified into single‐drop microextraction (SDME), dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction (DLLME), and hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction (HF‐LPME) . So far, various types of LPME methods have been developed and applied for the analysis of cinnamic acids in complex‐matrix samples, including carbon nanotube reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid phase microextraction , ionic liquid DLLME , DLLME based on amine‐functionalized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles , simultaneous two‐phase/three‐phase HF‐LPME , graphene/dodecanol floating solidification microextraction , and in‐syringe binary‐solvent LPME .…”