Graphene-based tunable plasmon-induced transparency utilizing circular and two rectangular gold rings in the near-infrared spectrum

Nurmohammadi, Tofiq; Abbasian, K.; Mashayekhi, M.Z.

doi:10.1016/j.mssp.2022.106601

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Note that using a bi-layer graphene sheet instead of a single-layer in the structure will reduce the operating voltage of the modulator by modifying the performance [57,63,67].…”

Section: Simulation Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…because MD should be calculated based on the amplitude of the input carrier wave instead of the transmitted carrier wave [63]. Hence, at λ = 1554 nm, MD may be computed as 25%; at λ = 1307 nm, MD is equal to 18%.…”

Section: Simulation Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The graphene may be modeled as a two-dimensional sheet. In the local limit, the conductivity of graphene is considered as follows according to the Kubo formula [62,63]:…”

Section: Design and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual-wavelength active and tunable modulation at telecommunication wavelengths using graphene-metal hybrid metamaterial based on plasmon induced transparency

Mashayekhi¹,

Abbasian²,

Nurmohammadi³

2022

Phys. Scr.

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Classic optical systems with a similar response to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) have received considerable attention. Plasmonically induced transparency (PIT) response is usually achieved by near-field coupling between resonators' bright and dark modes. Most PIT structures are based on metamaterials and have a constant near-infrared spectral response; manipulating the PIT spectral response without changing the geometric structure and modifying the substrate or electrical biasing is impossible. A graphene-metal metamaterial structure is proposed to create an active tunable near-IR transparency window. In the proposed two-layer structure, the metal bars act as bright resonators in the upper layer. In the lower layer, the metal nanoribbons act as dark resonators and two sets of bilayer graphene are placed separately below the bright resonators and above the dark resonators. At first, the optimal induced transparency window is obtained by modifying the metal metamaterial's geometrical parameters. Then, the properties of the generated induced window can be modified by varying the Fermi energies of the used graphene sheets in the hybrid metal-graphene metamaterial. The Fermi energies of the graphene sheets are adjusted by applying a voltage that causes the PIT phenomenon to be actively tunable. The proposed structure can be used as an active modulator in o and c communication bands. The designed modulator allows for 85% and 90% amplitude modulation depths (MD) at about 1307 nm and 1554 nm wavelengths.

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“…Note that using a bi-layer graphene sheet instead of a single-layer in the structure will reduce the operating voltage of the modulator by modifying the performance [57,63,67].…”

Section: Simulation Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simulation Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual-wavelength active and tunable modulation at telecommunication wavelengths using graphene-metal hybrid metamaterial based on plasmon induced transparency

Mashayekhi¹,

Abbasian²,

Nurmohammadi³

2022

Phys. Scr.

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“…Graphene integrated photonics is an emerging technology , with disruptive potential arising from the combination of peculiar material properties , of graphene, i.e., the most famous bidimensional (2D) material. Graphene attracted the interest of the photonic research community because of four main features: zero-bandgap for operation (detection and modulation) over an extremely broad spectrum of wavelengths (from visible to far-infrared); efficient tunability of the chemical potential by a field-effect that permits optical absorption and refraction modulation, i.e., amplitude and phase modulation of light; ultrahigh carriers’ mobility, exceeding 100000 cm 2 V –1 s –1 in high quality samples , enabling hundreds of GHz operation , ease of integration on passive integrated photonic platforms as for instance SOI or SiN. , These properties are in their combination very appealing for many photonic applications, from sensing − to datacom/telecom . Since the first demonstrations of graphene on integrated photonic waveguides for amplitude modulators , and detectors, a lot of effort has been dedicated to the development of reliable technology processes toward the wafer scale integration of high mobility graphene on integrated photonic platforms. , At the chip level, many devices with improved performance have been demonstrated so far: phase modulators (PMs) up to 10Gb/s based on a single layer of graphene (SLG) on doped silicon (Si) waveguide; electro-absorption modulators (EAMs) featuring up to 50 Gb/s on–off keying (OOK) and 40 GHz electro-optical bandwidth based on two SLG on passive Si waveguide; SLG on Si waveguide photodetectors based on both the bolometric effect and photothermoelectric effect for detection of ≥100 Gb/s …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Photonics I/Q Modulator for Advanced Modulation Formats

Sorianello

Montanaro

Giambra³

et al. 2023

ACS Photonics

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Starting from its classical domain of long distance links, optical communication is conquering new application areas down to chip-to-chip interconnections in response to the ever-increasing demand for higher bandwidth. The use of coherent modulation formats, typically employed in long-haul systems, is now debated to be extended to short links to increase the bandwidth density. Next-generation transceivers are targeting high bandwidth, high energy efficiency, compact footprint, and low cost. Integrated photonics is the only technology to reach this goal, and silicon photonics is expected to play the leading actor. However, silicon modulators have some limits, in terms of bandwidth and footprint. Graphene is an ideal material to be integrated with silicon photonics to meet the requirements of next generation transceivers. This material provides optimal properties: high mobility, fast carrier dynamics and ultrabroadband optical properties. Graphene photonics for direct detection systems based on binary modulation formats have been demonstrated so far, including electro-absorption modulators, phase modulators, and photodetectors. However, coherent modulation for increased data-rates has not yet been reported for graphene photonics yet. In this work, we present the first graphene photonics I/Q modulator based on four graphene on silicon electro-absorption modulators for advanced modulation formats and demonstrate quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation up to 40 Gb/s.

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“…The principal characteristics of PIT effect lie in the appearance of a sharp and narrow transparency window within absorption band, along with extraordinarily steep dispersion and dramatic reduction in group velocity. PIT can be used for abundant optical devices as well, such as slow light [15,16], light storage [17,18], optical sensors [19,20], optical filtering [21,22], optical modulation [23,24], and optical switches [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamically tunable multiple plasmon-induced transparency effect based on monolayer graphene structure system with rectangular defect cavities

Wang,

Yang,

Zeng

et al. 2023

Phys. Scr.

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In this article, a dynamically tunable multiple plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) effect in monolayer graphene structure system with rectangular defect cavities is investigated both theoretically and numerically. Because the graphene of our structure exists in a continuous form, the Fermi level of the graphene can be dynamically tuned by simply applying a bias voltage. The expressions of the theoretical transmittance are correctly deduced, and the fitting theoretical results are very consistent with the numerical simulation data. When the Fermi level of the graphene is increased from 0.8 eV to 1.2 eV, the group index of the dual-PIT system is controlled between 383 and 766. Alternatively, the group index of the triple-PIT system is maintained between 445 and 812. Moreover, the maximum group index can reach 812 at 1.2 eV, which shows that it can be designed as an excellent slow light device. Therefore, the proposed structures and results may provide strong guidance towards multichannel optical filters, dynamically tunable and excellent slow light and light storage devices.

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Graphene-based tunable plasmon-induced transparency utilizing circular and two rectangular gold rings in the near-infrared spectrum

Cited by 12 publications

References 77 publications

Dual-wavelength active and tunable modulation at telecommunication wavelengths using graphene-metal hybrid metamaterial based on plasmon induced transparency

Dual-wavelength active and tunable modulation at telecommunication wavelengths using graphene-metal hybrid metamaterial based on plasmon induced transparency

Graphene Photonics I/Q Modulator for Advanced Modulation Formats

Dynamically tunable multiple plasmon-induced transparency effect based on monolayer graphene structure system with rectangular defect cavities

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