Graphene-based mid-infrared biosensor

Vafapour, Zohreh; Hajati, Yaser; Hajati, Morteza; Ghahraloud, Hossain

doi:10.1364/josab.34.002586

Cited by 61 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The actively tunable properties, via electrostatic gating without changing the device structures, enable the graphene with a wide potential application in various tunable terahertz and infrared devices. Recently, many graphene-based tunable plasmonic devices including waveguides, modulators, switches, absorbers, and biosensors have been studied [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. For example, Liu et al first experimentally demonstrated single-and double-layer graphene optical waveguide modulator by integrating the graphene layer(s) on a Si substrate with the attenuation modulation of ~0.1-0.16 dB/μm [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide for highly efficient broadband mid-infrared propagation and modulation

Ye¹,

Sui²,

Zhang³

et al. 2018

Opt. Express

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In this paper, a graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide is proposed for highly efficient broadband surface plasmon polariton (SPP) propagation and modulation at mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrum. The hybrid plasmonic waveguide is composed of a monolayer graphene sheet in the center, a polysilicon gating layer, and two inner dielectric buffer layers and two outer parabolic-ridged silicon substrates symmetrically placed on both sides of the graphene. Owing to the unique parabolic-ridged waveguide structure, the light-graphene interaction and subwavelength SPPs confinement of the fundamental SPP mode for the hybrid waveguide can be significantly increased. Under the graphene chemical potential of 1.0 eV, the proposed waveguide can achieve outstanding SPP propagation performance with long propagation length of 12.1-16.7 μm and small normalized mode area of ~10 in the frequency range of 10-20 THz, exhibiting more than one order smaller in the normalized mode area while remaining the propagation length almost the same level with respect to the hybrid plasmonic waveguide without parabolic ridges. By tuning the graphene chemical potential from 0.1 to 1.0 eV, we demonstrate the waveguide has a modulation depth greater than 51% for the frequency ranging from 10 to 20 THz and reaches a maximum of nearly 100% at the frequency higher than 18 THz. Benefitting from the excellent broadband mid-IR propagation and modulation performance, the graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide may open up a new way for various mid-IR waveguides, modulators, interconnects and optoelectronic devices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide for highly efficient broadband mid-infrared propagation and modulation

Ye¹,

Sui²,

Zhang³

et al. 2018

Opt. Express

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show abstract

“…Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a phenomenon that can be produced by quantum interference between the two excitation pathways of a laser-activated atomic medium. 1,2 This can be used for slow light applications, 3 optical storage, 4 optical switching, 5 biosensing applications, 6,7 and quantum information processing. 8 Recently, plasmon induced transparency (PIT), analogous to the EITeffect, has been investigated in different platforms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically controllable plasmon induced reflectance in hybrid metamaterials

Habib

Gokbayrak

Özbay

et al. 2018

Applied Physics Letters

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The tunable plasmon induced reflectance (PIR) effect has been numerically investigated and experimentally realized by hybrid metal-graphene metamaterials. The PIR effect is produced by two parallel strips of gold (Au) and controlled electrically by applying the gate voltage to the graphene layer. The PIR response is generated by the weak hybridization of two bright modes of the gold strips and tuned by changing the Fermi level (Ef) of the graphene. The total shift of 211.7 nm was achieved in the reflection peak by applying only 3 V. This concept of real time electrical tuning of PIR, with a modulation depth of ∼49% and a spectral contrast ratio of 66.6%, can be used for designing optical switches, optical modulators, and tunable sensors.

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“…Sensors 2020, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW 45 of 63 specific protein recognition is evaluated by utilizing the near-field enhancement of graphene plasmons, acquiring a maximum detection of 0.5 nM for the target protein obtained from the surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectra as shown in Figure 22c. The enhanced mid-infrared sensing using the concept of total optical absorption is investigated in [307] by analyzing a graphene-based metamaterial biosensor to acquire tunable plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) in IR wavelengths as summarized in Table 4. The PIT effect can be easily modified by tuning the graphene metamaterial conductivity with varying chemical potential.…”

Section: Graphene-based Antennas For Plasmonic and Biosensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Development of Tunable Graphene Nanoantennas for Terahertz Optoelectronic and Plasmonic Applications

Ullah

Witjaksono

Nawi

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Exceptional advancement has been made in the development of graphene optical nanoantennas. They are incorporated with optoelectronic devices for plasmonics application and have been an active research area across the globe. The interest in graphene plasmonic devices is driven by the different applications they have empowered, such as ultrafast nanodevices, photodetection, energy harvesting, biosensing, biomedical imaging and high-speed terahertz communications. In this article, the aim is to provide a detailed review of the essential explanation behind graphene nanoantennas experimental proofs for the developments of graphene-based plasmonics antennas, achieving enhanced light–matter interaction by exploiting graphene material conductivity and optical properties. First, the fundamental graphene nanoantennas and their tunable resonant behavior over THz frequencies are summarized. Furthermore, incorporating graphene–metal hybrid antennas with optoelectronic devices can prompt the acknowledgment of multi-platforms for photonics. More interestingly, various technical methods are critically studied for frequency tuning and active modulation of optical characteristics, through in situ modulations by applying an external electric field. Second, the various methods for radiation beam scanning and beam reconfigurability are discussed through reflectarray and leaky-wave graphene antennas. In particular, numerous graphene antenna photodetectors and graphene rectennas for energy harvesting are studied by giving a critical evaluation of antenna performances, enhanced photodetection, energy conversion efficiency and the significant problems that remain to be addressed. Finally, the potential developments in the synthesis of graphene material and technological methods involved in the fabrication of graphene–metal nanoantennas are discussed.

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Graphene-based mid-infrared biosensor

Cited by 61 publications

References 46 publications

Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide for highly efficient broadband mid-infrared propagation and modulation

Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide for highly efficient broadband mid-infrared propagation and modulation

Electrically controllable plasmon induced reflectance in hybrid metamaterials

A Review on the Development of Tunable Graphene Nanoantennas for Terahertz Optoelectronic and Plasmonic Applications

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