Graphene-based devices for measuring pH

Salvo, Pietro; Melai, Bernardo; Calisi, Nicola; Paoletti, Costanza; Bellagambi, Francesca G.; Kirchhain, Arno; Trivella, Maria Giovanna; Fuoco, Roger; Francesco, Fabio Di

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.037

Cited by 123 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…One of the first applications of graphene FETs was to evaluate their use as sensors for pH ,,. Almost all kinds of graphene have shown pH‐dependent Dirac point shift, albeit with a varying sensitivity (ΔV Dirac /pH).…”

Section: Fundamental Aspects Of the Graphene‐liquid Interfacementioning

confidence: 56%

“…One of the first applications of graphene FETs was to evaluate their use as sensors for pH. [53,119,202] Almost all kinds of graphene have shown pH-dependent Dirac point shift, albeit with a varying sensitivity (DV Dirac /pH). The pH-sensitivity is a bit counterintuitive since ideal graphene (with only sp 2 carbon) should be free of ionizable groups and hence the electrostatic charge distribution should not vary as a function of pH.…”

Section: Field-effect Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioelectronics and Interfaces Using Monolayer Graphene

et al. 2018

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Graphene is expected to revolutionize several application areas ranging from portable energy conversion and storage to miniaturized biosensors for medical applications. In this endeavor, the control of surface characteristics is an essential aspect for understanding fundamental phenomena occurring at the graphene‐liquid interface. In this comprehensive review, we address recent progress in the investigation of the interfacial characteristics of monolayer graphene and methods for modulating the physical and chemical properties of this interface. We focus on the electrochemistry and field‐effect measurements in liquid, which provide an improved understanding of the unique graphene‐liquid interface, with due consideration of the influence of the underlying substrate and structural defects in graphene. Finally, we present reported examples of using single graphene monolayers in miniaturized devices for realizing sensors, neural interfaces and batteries.

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Section: Fundamental Aspects Of the Graphene‐liquid Interfacementioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Field-effect Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioelectronics and Interfaces Using Monolayer Graphene

et al. 2018

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“…Figure 4c summarizes the sensing performance of our devices in comparison with reported pH sensors in the literature. [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] The demonstrated potentiometric pH sensing signal using our novel interface engineering is clearly more advantageous.…”

Section: Knowledge Of Interfacial Interactions Between Analytes and Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergy of Ionic and Dipolar Effects by Molecular Design for pH Sensing beyond the Nernstian Limit

et al. 2019

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interface generates original signal and plays a crucial role in the sensing process. In ion sensors, the interaction between ions and ion receptors can lead to accumulation of interfacial charges, thereby causing an interfacial potential change that can be electronically readout. [3] A versatile sensing platform can also be designed by functionalizing the sensor surface with self-assembled organic monolayers (SAMs), which offers the possibility to tailor the chemical and/or physical interactions of the sensor surface with analytes. These interfacial interactions can generate additional changes in surface dipoles and/or charges on the sensing surface, [4,5] which can in turn affect the electrical properties of the surface and tune the sensitivity. [6][7][8] It can be emphasized that both surface charge and dipole play an equally important role in establishing the surface equilibrium state. The dipole effect can be engineered in a controllable and systematic way. Therefore, modulating the molecular dipole moment to enhance device performance holds promises in numerous applications. [9][10][11] However, the molecular dipole effect is strongly dependent on multiple parameters in practice, such as dipole orientation, distribution, and packing density of each molecule within the SAM. [12,13] These parameters are strongly inter-correlated. For example, increasing the dipole moment of the surface immobilized molecules can enhance the electrostatic repulsions between neighboring dipoles, influence the packing density, and even change the configuration of the SAM. Thus, in order to engineer the interfacial dipole in a controllable manner, a rational design of the system is needed.Since the dipole moment originates from the charge separation between atoms due to their difference in electronegativity, changing the electronegativity on the molecular substituent can be an efficient way to modulate the molecular dipole. A dipole moment can also be formed by ion pair of cation and anion, [14,15] which can be embodied by a well-known phenomenon that the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions can lead to a significant change in surface wettability. [16,17] This ionic dipole is strongly dependent on the polarizability of the ionic pair, and is affected by the properties of the ions such as ionic radius and hydration energy. [18,19] Therefore, artificial designs to form ion pairs can be an alternative to create dipoles on the sensing surface for modulation of its sensitivity. With proper molecular Knowledge of interfacial interactions between analytes and functionalized sensor surfaces, from where the signal originates, is key to the development and application of electronic sensors. The present work explores the tunability of pH sensitivity by the synergy of surface charge and molecular dipole moment induced by interfacial proton interactions. This synergy is demonstrated on a silicon-nanoribbon field-effect transistor (SiNR-FET) by functionalizing the sensor surface with properly designed chromophore molecules. The ch...

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“…Surface potential φ o has a linear relationship with surface charge density as σ = C dl φ o , where C dl is the double layer capacitance that is determined by the ionic strength and ionic valence. Surface potential can be modulated by adsorption of target molecules, e.g., chemical concentrations (pH [10][11][12], metal ion concentration [13,14], etc. ), biological species (DNA [15][16][17], protein [18], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Potential/Charge Sensing Techniques and Applications

Chen

Dong

Yang

2020

Sensors

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Surface potential and surface charge sensing techniques have attracted a wide range of research interest in recent decades. With the development and optimization of detection technologies, especially nanosensors, new mechanisms and techniques are emerging. This review discusses various surface potential sensing techniques, including Kelvin probe force microscopy and chemical field-effect transistor sensors for surface potential sensing, nanopore sensors for surface charge sensing, zeta potentiometer and optical detection technologies for zeta potential detection, for applications in material property, metal ion and molecule studies. The mechanisms and optimization methods for each method are discussed and summarized, with the aim of providing a comprehensive overview of different techniques and experimental guidance for applications in surface potential-based detection.

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Graphene-based devices for measuring pH

Cited by 123 publications

References 120 publications

Bioelectronics and Interfaces Using Monolayer Graphene

Bioelectronics and Interfaces Using Monolayer Graphene

Synergy of Ionic and Dipolar Effects by Molecular Design for pH Sensing beyond the Nernstian Limit

Surface Potential/Charge Sensing Techniques and Applications

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