Graphdiyne: A Versatile Material in Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage

Abstract

raphdiyne(GDY), which is composed of sp 2 -/sp-hybridized carbon atoms, has attracted increasing attention. In the structure of GDY, the existence of large triangular-like pores, well dispersed electron-rich cavities as well as a large π-conjugated structure endows GDY with a natural bandgap, fast electron/ion transport, and tunable electronic properties. These unique features make GDY competitive in areas of gas separation and capture, electronics, detectors, catalysts, biomedicine and therapy, and energy-related fields. Benefiting from the facile synthesis method, various GDY structures and GDY-based composites have been successfully prepared and show great potential in the practical application of energy storage and catalysis areas. Here, this review aims at providing a timely and comprehensive update on the preparation and application of GDY materials. The current development of GDY materials in various electrochemical fields especially in energy conversion, energy storage, and catalysis is mainly summarized. Moreover, the potential development prospects are also discussed.

Graphdiyne and Its Derivatives as Efficient Charge Reservoirs and Transporters in Semiconductor Devices

“…GDY possesses high electrical conductivity due to its perpendicular 𝜋 orbitals out of the plane, which is beneficial for charge transfer. [25,37] For example, the conductivity of GDY nanofilms, [47] monolayer GDY, [48] and GDY nanowires [49] are found to be 2.8 × 10 5 , 6.72 × 10 2 , and 1.9 × 10 3 S m −1 , respectively. Intriguingly, GDY is intrinsically a non-zero bandgap semiconductor.…”

“…Despite that there are quite a few GDYs‐focused reviews on synthesis, [ 28 ] characterization, [ 29,30 ] intrinsic properties, [ 31–34 ] and applications, [ 25,35–37 ] there lacks one grounding on GDYs‐involved semiconductor devices (both electron and ion based) to deeply explore the potential GDYs could have in the field of optoelectronics. In this paper, the unique structures, physicochemical properties, and electronic structures of GDYs are briefly described, and research progresses on their applications in devices, including memories, solar cells, photodetectors, and field‐effect transistors (FETs), are summarized.…”

Fabrication of graphdiyne and its analogues for photocatalytic application

“…Thus, N-doped GDY and its derivatives with outstanding advantages have been extensively studied in the energy conversion and storage, biological application, and environmental protection. [57][58][59] Given the influence of structures on the properties of GDY, a great deal of works including post-heating method and top-down method have been devoted into the fabrication of N-doped GDY and its derivatives. The post-heating method refers to the synthetic process of Ndoped GDY by heating GDY under N sources, such as high-purity ammonia.…”

“…As the N atom has a suitable atomic size but higher electronegativity than that of the C atom, N atoms can be doped into the structure of GDY for the effective regulation of their basic properties. Thus, N‐doped GDY and its derivatives with outstanding advantages have been extensively studied in the energy conversion and storage, biological application, and environmental protection 57–59 . Given the influence of structures on the properties of GDY, a great deal of works including post‐heating method and top‐down method have been devoted into the fabrication of N‐doped GDY and its derivatives.…”

Theoretical Computation for In-Depth Insights into Structure, Properties, and Energy-Storage/Conversion Application of Graphdiyne

“…However, theoretical computation can break through the limitations of experiments, which not only reveal the intrinsic properties of GDY materials, such as mechanical, 19 magnetic, 20 optical, 21 and electronic 22 properties, but also explain the mechanisms of their applications in energy storage 23 and conversion. 24 For example, a band gap (0.46 eV) and the charge mobility (10 4 −10 5 cm 2 •V −1 •s −1 ) of the GDY sheet can be obtained through simulation. 25 Further, the interesting properties of some GDY (hydrogenated networks), that the band gap increases with increasing strain in a certain range, was found.…”