Proteolysis is central to the regulation of a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1 constitute an endopeptidase family that includes collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, and membrane-type MMP, with a broad spectrum of proteolytic activities toward extracellular matrix (ECM) components (1-3). The proteolytic activity of the matrix metalloproteinases is controlled by their expression as proenzymes that are processed to active forms through proteolysis, as well as by specific physiological tissue inhibitors (TIMP). MMP are believed to mediate many biological processes in which tissue remodeling is implicated, such as embryo implantation and morphogenesis, cell migration, metastasis, tumor invasion, and wound healing (3). Human stromelysin-3 (hST-3, MMP-11) was first described in fibroblasts surrounding neoplastic cells in both primary and metastatic breast tumors, and classified as an MMP on the basis of sequence homology (4). High ST-3 expression has been correlated with increased local tumor aggressiveness (5), and high ST-3 RNA levels are predictive of recurrence in breast carcinoma (6). Recent evidence suggests that hST-3 expression promotes tumor formation in nude mice (7). hST-3 may thus represent a local factor contributing to tumor cell survival and implantation by ECM remodeling. Putative mature forms of hST-3 nevertheless appear unable to degrade any major ECM component (8,9). hST-3 thus may not be considered an ECM degrading enzyme.MMP proteolytic activity on substrates other than matrix components have been reported; shedding activities on tumor necrosis factor-␣ (10, 11), Fas ligand (12), and L-selectin (13) have been ascribed to MMP. Several insulin-like growth factorbinding proteins (IGFBP) have been described as MMP substrates. MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 degrade and , and TIMP-1 inhibits proteolytic cleavage of IGFBP-3 in rat pregnant serum (16). IGFBP proteolysis may represent a mechanism for tissue-specific regulation of IGF bioavailability, either inhibiting and/or enhancing IGF activity in many cell types (17)(18)(19)(20).Identification of new hST-3 substrates is a necessary step for the understanding of its physiological relevance. To date, hST-3 proteolytic activity has been described only for the nonspecific MMP substrates -casein and ␣ 2 -macroglobulin. When physiologically relevant substrates were sought among tumor cell line-derived secretory products, the unique major hST-3 target molecule was ␣1-protease inhibitor (8). Recent evidence suggests that hST-3 in vivo may contribute to tumor cell survival rather than to tumor invasion (7); this effect on cell viability may thus be mediated by regulating the activity of survival factors such as IGF-I or -II. As a part of a larger study of the relationship between hST-3 and IGF axis on tumor cell proliferation and survival, we tested whether hST-3 might act as an IGFBP-1 protease, thus controlling IGF-I activity at the cellular level.Our data show that (i) IGFBP-1 is a substrate for hS...