Grand Vizieral Reception Ceremonies of European Ambassadors in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century

Abstract

Grand viziers acted as the utmost important fi gure in the Ottoman bureaucratic administration throughout the early modern era. Conducting relations with foreign countries and, hence, conforming to the rules of an established diplomatic practice in the process were among their duties. Th e present study, therefore, aims at highlighting the underrated procedure of grand vizierial audiences through selected cases from the fi rst half of the seventeenth century. In this respect, dispatches and fi nal reports of certain representatives of major European monarchs in Istanbul are brought to light along with complementary data from Ottoman fi scal records of the time. Th e reception of foreign diplomats by the grand vizier-which presents its own intricacies and follows its own set of rules-is hence laid under scrutiny to understand how a physical language of diplomacy was created. Accordingly, welcoming receptions by the grand viziers will be studied instead of focusing on the negotiation audiences between the grand viziers and the incoming embassies. Comparisons with the imperial audiences will also be useful both in underlining the diff erentiation of this physical language from the one employed in the audiences with the sultan and also in evaluating the diplomatic function of the grand vizier within the framework of Ottoman foreign relations. In this respect, the fi rst receptions by the grand vizier were intended to welcome foreign embassies and played a crucial part in their diplomatic mission since the date for the sultanic audience was arranged herein. Moreover, exchange of gifts between the grand vizier and the emissaries, serving of refreshments and avoidance of any politically consequential issue during the meeting were the main elements of the grand vizierial receptions.