Abstract:The outbreak of the COVID-19, a human beta coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) virus infection, has severely affected the world. The pandemic is not yet in full control due to a lack of rapid diagnostics and therapeutics. This viral infection continues to result in a steadily increasing loss of life, and it has also emerged as a significant global socioeconomic burden. As result, it has united many countries for the purposes of exploring molecular biology, biomedical science, and the nan… Show more
“…Not only limited to that, a recent study proposed usage of nanoparticles to create decoy targets for SARS-CoV-2 to attach, absorbing viruses and hindering their chance to contact cells to reduce the rate of developing an infection [105]. Moreover, previous studies reveal how nanotechnological approaches can reach out further by pioneering the creation of improved PPE and nano-sized drug delivery systems to overcome COVID-19 [106,107]. Among mentioned prevention methods which are the first line of defence for tackling the overwhelming course of the pandemic, the real challenge lies in vaccine development studies.…”
Section: Nanotechnological Approaches Against Covid-19mentioning
The recently emerged coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has become a worldwide threat affecting millions of people, causing respiratory system related problems that can end up with extremely serious consequences. As the infection rate rises significantly and this is followed by a dramatic increase in mortality, the whole world is struggling to accommodate change and is trying to adapt to new conditions. While a significant amount of effort is focused on developing a vaccine in order to make a game-changing anti-COVID-19 breakthrough, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is also developing mutations rapidly as it transmits just like any other virus and there is always a substantial chance of the invented antibodies becoming ineffective as a function of time, thus failing to inhibit virus-to-cell binding efficiency as the spiked protein keeps evolving. Hence, controlling the transmission of the virus is crucial. Therefore, this review summarizes the viability of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces under different conditions while addressing the current state of known chemical disinfectants for deactivation of the coronaviruses. The review attempts to bring together a wide spectrum of surface–virus–cleaning agent interactions to help identify material selection for inanimate surfaces that have frequent human contact and cleaning procedures for effective prevention of COVID-19 transmission.
“…Not only limited to that, a recent study proposed usage of nanoparticles to create decoy targets for SARS-CoV-2 to attach, absorbing viruses and hindering their chance to contact cells to reduce the rate of developing an infection [105]. Moreover, previous studies reveal how nanotechnological approaches can reach out further by pioneering the creation of improved PPE and nano-sized drug delivery systems to overcome COVID-19 [106,107]. Among mentioned prevention methods which are the first line of defence for tackling the overwhelming course of the pandemic, the real challenge lies in vaccine development studies.…”
Section: Nanotechnological Approaches Against Covid-19mentioning
The recently emerged coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has become a worldwide threat affecting millions of people, causing respiratory system related problems that can end up with extremely serious consequences. As the infection rate rises significantly and this is followed by a dramatic increase in mortality, the whole world is struggling to accommodate change and is trying to adapt to new conditions. While a significant amount of effort is focused on developing a vaccine in order to make a game-changing anti-COVID-19 breakthrough, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is also developing mutations rapidly as it transmits just like any other virus and there is always a substantial chance of the invented antibodies becoming ineffective as a function of time, thus failing to inhibit virus-to-cell binding efficiency as the spiked protein keeps evolving. Hence, controlling the transmission of the virus is crucial. Therefore, this review summarizes the viability of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces under different conditions while addressing the current state of known chemical disinfectants for deactivation of the coronaviruses. The review attempts to bring together a wide spectrum of surface–virus–cleaning agent interactions to help identify material selection for inanimate surfaces that have frequent human contact and cleaning procedures for effective prevention of COVID-19 transmission.
“…In order to manage the burden of pandemics, the detailed understanding of infectious disease dynamics is important to stop their further spread among people and overwhelm the health system ( Kaushik et al, 2020 ; Paliwal et al, 2020 ). The pandemic diseases usually go through four phases, although not necessary for all the infectious diseases, e.g., (i) the first phase: the emergence of positive patients in a healthy community, (ii) the second phase: localized transmission, (iii) the third stage: outbreak in terms of community transmission, and (iv) the last phase: reduced transmission of the pathogen due to acquired immunity and clinical interventions.…”
Section: Severity Of Infectious Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Significant efforts have been made to manage COVID-19 pandemic such as: 1) developing rapid testing kits, 2) exploring POCT of targeted biomarker, 3) investigating therapeutics among available viral infection related drugs, 4) investigating new therapeutics, and 5) making people aware to motivate them to understand pandemic consequences and use mask for avoiding infection transmission ( Fig. 13 B) ( Z. Huang et al, 2020 ; Kaushik et al, 2020 ; Paliwal et al, 2020 ). As it has been declared that combinational approaches are required at the same time to eradicate COVID-19 infection.…”
Section: Iomt-assisted Poc Biosensing For Infectious Diseasesmentioning
On global scale, the current situation of pandemic is symptomatic of increased incidences of contagious diseases caused by pathogens. The faster spread of these diseases, in a moderately short timeframe, is threatening the overall population wellbeing and conceivably the economy. The inadequacy of conventional diagnostic tools in terms of time consuming and complex laboratory-based diagnosis process is a major challenge to medical care. In present era, the development of point-of-care testing (POCT) is in demand for fast detection of infectious diseases along with “on-site” results that are helpful in timely and early action for better treatment. In addition, POCT devices also play a crucial role in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases by offering real-time testing and lab quality microbial diagnosis within minutes. Timely diagnosis and further treatment optimization facilitate the containment of outbreaks of infectious diseases. Presently, efforts are being made to support such POCT by the technological development in the field of internet of medical things (IoMT). The IoMT offers wireless-based operation and connectivity of POCT devices with health expert and medical centre. In this review, the recently developed POC diagnostics integrated or future possibilities of integration with IoMT are discussed with focus on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases like malaria, dengue fever, influenza A (H1N1), human papilloma virus (HPV), Ebola virus disease (EVD), Zika virus (ZIKV), and coronavirus (COVID-19). The IoMT-assisted POCT systems are capable enough to fill the gap between bioinformatics generation, big rapid analytics, and clinical validation. An optimized IoMT-assisted POCT will be useful in understanding the diseases progression, treatment decision, and evaluation of efficacy of prescribed therapy.
“…COVID-19 is a current worldwide outbreak that has developed massive chaos of diverse activities across the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced a communal health calamity in the world on 30 th January 2020 [ 2 ], because of the emergence of the latest coronavirus (CoV), known as the 2019 coronavirus novel (2019-nCoV), that arose in the Wuhan city in China’s Hubei province [ 3 , 4 ]. On 11th February 2020, WHO legitimately termed the outbreak as CoV 2019 disease (COVID-19) [ 5 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 1 This map shows the global distribution of confirmed cases of COVID-19. (This was reproduced from situation reports of WHO coronavirus disease [ 4 ]. Copyright 2020 WHO).…”
The WHO has declared the COVID-19 an international health emergency due to the severity of infection progression which become more severe due to its continuous spread globally and the unavailability of appropriate therapy and diagnostics systems. Thus, there is a need for efficient devices to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection at an early stage. Nowadays, the RT-PCR technique is being applied for detecting this virus around the globe; however, factors such as stringent expertise, long diagnostic times, invasive and painful screening, and high costs have restricted the use of RT-PCR methods for rapid diagnostics. Therefore, the development of cost-effective, portable, sensitive, prompt, and selective sensing systems to detect SARS-CoV-2 in biofluids at fM/pM/nM concentrations would be a breakthrough in diagnostics. Immunosensors that show increased specificity and sensitivity are considerably fast, and don’t imply costly reagents or instruments, reducing the cost for COVID-19 detection. The current developments in immunosensors perhaps signify the most significant opportunity for a rapid assay to detect COVID-19, without the need of highly skilled professionals and specialized tools to interpret results. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) can also be equipped with this immunosensing approach to investigate useful networking through database management, sharing, and analytics to prevent and manage COVID-19. Herein, we represent the collective concepts of biomarkers based immunosensors along with AI and IoMT as smart sensing strategies with bioinformatics approach to monitor non-invasive early stage SARS-CoV-2 development, with fast POC diagnostics as the crucial goal. This approach should be implemented quickly and verified practicality for clinical samples before being set in the present times for mass-diagnostic research.
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