Grain refinement in Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Inconel 82 alloy through controlled heat input

Anand, M. S.; Das, Alok Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166949

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The stretching along the transverse orientation of the sliced specimen resists interlayer binding forces and internal grain forces however; stretching along the longitudinal orientation resists grain boundary forces (Nagasai et al , 2022). Therefore, the grain boundary strengthening effect along the border of the two adjacent grains attributes a better wear performance along the longitudinal direction of the WAAM fabricated structures preventing the material from being easily worn out by mechanical action (Anand and Das, 2022). Thus, the overall results support the dependency of the wear behavior of the WAAM-fabricated components on the microhardness behavior and morphological characteristics in that region.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be responsible for inferior mechanical properties along the transverse direction of the WAAM-built structure. The anisotropy in the mechanical properties of built components can be quantified using equation (3) (Anand and Das, 2022). The obtained results are based on the tensile properties of the WAAM printed component in transverse and longitudinal orientations and the calculated mechanical anisotropy are presented in Table 7: where “A” represents the percent anisotropy within the built structure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…between 4 and 10 kg/h, the least expensive process and the use of less hazardous metallic wires (Chaturvedi et al , 2021). In recent years, WAAM has successfully fabricated steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium and their alloys using an AM approach (Ahsan et al , 2020; Anand and Das, 2022). However, several challenges associated with WAAM include part distortion, poor dimensional accuracy, induced residual stress, surface finishing, hot cracking and porosity (Chaturvedi et al , 2021; Seow et al , 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A critical investigation of the anisotropic behavior in the WAAM-fabricated structure

Kumar,

Mandal

2024

RPJ

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Purpose Wire-arc-based additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a promising technology for the efficient and economical fabrication of medium-large components. However, the anisotropic behavior of the multilayered WAAM-fabricated components remains a challenging problem. Design/methodology/approach The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive study of the grain morphology, crystallographic orientation and texture in three regions of the WAAM printed component. Furthermore, the interdependence of the grain morphology in different regions of the fabricated component with their mechanical and tribological properties was established. Findings The electron back-scattered diffraction analysis of the top and bottom regions revealed fine recrystallized grains, whereas the middle regions acquired columnar grains with an average size of approximately 8.980 µm. The analysis revealed a higher misorientation angle and an intense crystallographic texture in the upper and lower regions. The investigations found a higher microhardness value of 168.93 ± 1.71 HV with superior wear resistance in the bottom region. The quantitative evaluation of the residual stress detected higher compressive stress in the upper regions. Evidence for comparable ultimate tensile strength and greater elongation (%) compared to its wrought counterpart has been observed. Originality/value The study found a good correlation between the grain morphology in different regions of the WAAM-fabricated component and their mechanical and wear properties. The Hall–Petch relationship also established good agreement between the grain morphology and tensile test results. Improved ductility compared to its wrought counterpart was observed. The anisotropy exists with improved mechanical properties along the longitudinal direction. Moreover, cylindrical components have superior tribological properties compared with cuboidal components.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A critical investigation of the anisotropic behavior in the WAAM-fabricated structure

Kumar,

Mandal

2024

RPJ

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“…This is attributed to the oxide formation on the wall, which required high temperatures for melting [28]. The average cooling rate was determined by averaging the slopes of the temperature-time curves in the cooling cycle region (between T S and T L ) at uniform intervals [29]. The calculated average cooling rate of the rectangle waveform was 23.3 ± 2 • C/s; for the sinusoidal waveform, it was 22.4 ± 1.5 • C/s, and for the triangle waveform, it was 17.75 ± 2 • C/s.…”

Section: Cooling Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Current Waveforms during Directed Energy Deposition of 4043 Aluminum Alloy on Microstructure, Hardness, and Wear of Alloy

Ujjwal,

Anand Kumar,

Anand

et al. 2023

Materials

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was employed to fabricate 4043 aluminum alloy walls. To investigate the effects of sinusoidal, triangular, and rectangular waveforms of alternating current (AC) and their transients on the wall geometry, microstructure evolution, hardness, and wear properties were evaluated. The root mean square (RMS) current value was maximum for the rectangular and minimum for the triangular waveform. The section produced by the triangular waveform had the highest height-to-width ratio, indicating that this waveform can be a favorable choice for creating components using WAAM. The optical micrographs of the transverse cross-section of the printed sections revealed the grain structure produced with this waveform to be heterogeneous, having a columnar dendritic structure at the bottom and equiaxed at the top portion. The waveforms also had an impact on the hardness and wear characteristics of all the walls, which were attributed to their cooling rate.

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“…The ductile failure of welded joints was observed at higher welding speed whereas brittle failure occurred at low welding speed. Similarly, many kinds of literature describe the effects of input parameters of the laser welding process on the weld quality parameters of different materials such as the microstructure and grain orientation [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], bead profile [ 15 ], mechanical properties [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], metallurgical properties [ 19 ], corrosion resistance [ 20 ] and residual stresses [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Laser Welded Cobalt Super Alloy L605: Optimization of Weldability Characteristics

et al. 2022

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The present study describes the laser welding of Co-based superalloy L605 (52Co-20Cr-10Ni-15W) equivalent to Haynes-25 or Stellite-25. The influence of laser welding process input parameters such as laser beam power and welding speed on mechanical and metallurgical properties of weld joints were investigated. Epitaxial grain growth and dendritic structures were visible in the weld zone. The phase analysis results indicate the formation of hard phases like CrFeNi, CoC, FeNi, and CFe in the weld zone. These hard phases are responsible for the increase in microhardness up to 321 HV0.1 in the weld zone, which is very close to the microhardness of the parent material. From the tensile strength tests, the ductile failure of welded specimens was confirmed due to the presence of dimples, inter-granular cleavage, and micro voids in the fracture zone. The maximum tensile residual stress along the weld line is 450 MPa, whereas the maximum compressive residual stress across the weld line is 500 MPa. On successful application of Response Surface methodology (RSM), laser power of 1448.5 W and welding speed of 600 mm/min i.e., line energy or heat input equal to 144 J/mm, were found to be optimum values for getting sound weld joint properties. The EBSD analysis reveals the elongated grain growth in the weld pool and very narrow grain growth in the heat-affected zone.

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Grain refinement in Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Inconel 82 alloy through controlled heat input

Cited by 26 publications

References 56 publications

A critical investigation of the anisotropic behavior in the WAAM-fabricated structure

A critical investigation of the anisotropic behavior in the WAAM-fabricated structure

Effect of Current Waveforms during Directed Energy Deposition of 4043 Aluminum Alloy on Microstructure, Hardness, and Wear of Alloy

Fiber Laser Welded Cobalt Super Alloy L605: Optimization of Weldability Characteristics

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