Grafts for Ridge Preservation

Abstract

Alveolar ridge bone resorption is a biologic phenomenon that occurs following tooth extraction and cannot be prevented. This paper reviews the vertical and horizontal ridge dimensional changes that are associated with tooth extraction. It also provides an overview of the advantages of ridge preservation as well as grafting materials. A Medline search among English language papers was performed in March 2015 using alveolar ridge preservation, ridge augmentation, and various graft types as search terms. Additional papers were considered following the preliminary review of the initial search that were relevant to alveolar ridge preservation. The literature suggests that ridge preservation methods and augmentation techniques are available to minimize and restore available bone. Numerous grafting materials, such as autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts, currently are used for ridge preservation. Other materials, such as growth factors, also can be used to enhance biologic outcome.

Bone and soft tissue changes after alveolar ridge preservation using PRF socket plug technique versus socket plug technique:

“…Both groups showed a high percentage of residual bone substitute. This result was correlated with various studies conducted on bovine bone showed retention of graft up to 3 years 16,31,53 . Bovine bone seemed to act as semipermanent grafting material.…”

“…It may be considered an aggressive method to harvest autogenous bone for small defects as extraction socket. Furthermore, bone substitutes showed higher volumetric stability compared to autogenous bone 5,[31][32][33][34] .…”

Customized allogeneic bone grafts for maxillary horizontal augmentation: A 5‐year follow‐up radiographic and histologic evaluation

“…A further improvement is the customization of allogeneic bone blocks with a precise defect fit, which is especially of added value for complex bone augmentations, as the space between residual bone and bone graft can be condensed to a minimum. Thereby, the physical contact between graft and recipient site is enhanced, thus allowing optimal trophic support and revascularization of the allograft through integration/replacement (creeping substitution) at the recipient site 20,21 . Additionally, this uninterrupted connection to the adjacent bone tissue enables a rapid bony integration.…”

Ozone Therapy Enhances Osseous Healing in Rats With Diabetes With Calvarial Defects: A Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Study

“…Bone graft materials have been used clinically in attempts to regenerate periodontal defects to original levels, involving reconstruction of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. To obtain optimal bone regeneration, all grafts require an adequate blood supply, a form of mechanical support, and osteogenic cells derived from the host, graft material, or both 33 . Graft resorption, called biodegradation, should take place at a time appropriate to activation of new bone formation 34 .…”