Grafting of Cellulose and Microcrystalline Cellulose with Oligo(L-lactic acid) by Polycondensation Reaction

Abstract

Oligo(L-lactic acid) (OLLA) was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of L-lactides using stannous octoate (0.03 wt% of lactide). While this served as the initiator, L-lactic acids were the co-initiators at 140 °C for 10 h, wherein L-lactic acids were prepared by hydrolytic degradation of L-lactides at 100 °C for 1 h. The molecular weight or degree of polymerization was controlled with monomer/co-initiator ratio (mol/mol). α-cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were extracted from jute fiber by subsequent treatment with sodium chlorite (Na2ClO2), NaOH and H2SO4. Grafting of OLLA onto α-cellulose and MCC in toluene was carried out using para-toluene sulphonic acid as a catalyst and potassium persulphate (KPS) as an initiator at 130 °C under 380 mm (Hg) pressure for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 h. New properties of α-cellulose and MCC were observed due to the successful grafting onto α-cellulose and MCC. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were conducted in order to confirm grafting of OLLA onto cellulose and MCC. The FTIR analysis results showed there are some new characteristic absorption peaks appeared (1728 to 1732 cm−1) in the spectrum, which confirmed the grafting of OLLA onto α-cellulose and MCC was successful. SEM images of α-cellulose and MCC before and after grafting revealed significant changes in surface morphology. Grafting of MCC could be more effective for further application in comparison to α-cellulose.

Okra Micro-Cellulose Crystal (MCC) and Micro-Clay Composites for the Remediation of Copper, Nickel, and Dye (Basic Yellow II) from Wastewater

“…After 50 min, it was centrifuged at 4000 rpm [67] for 40 min. The solid fraction was washed by distilled water until a constant pH 7.0 was obtained [37,68]. Figure 1 represents the preparation of MCC from okra cellulose.…”

Morphological and Thermal Analysis of Poly(L-lactic acid)/ Carboxymethyl Cellulose Bio-composites

“…Mustard stalks were dried in sunlight and then cut into small pieces, approximately 1-1.5 inches scoured with 6.5 g of soap flake and 3.5 g of detergent per liter at 70-75 °C for 30 min (Mondal & Haques, 2007). Cleaned and dried stalks were treated with 17.5% NaOH in a liquor ratio of 1:25 for 4 hours at 45 °C to reduce β-and γ-cellulose (Rahaman et al, 2022). The residue was separated, washed thoroughly with water to neutral pH, and then dried at room temperature.…”

“…The α-cellulose was washed with water and dried at room temperature. Finally, α-cellulose was treated with H 2 SO 4 solution (60 wt%) to get MCC and dispersed in absolute ethanol for the preparation of CMC (Rahaman et al, 2022;Morán et al, 2008). Figure 1…”

Effects of L‐ and D‐ form oligo(lactic acid)s grafted cellulose reinforcement on the thermal properties of poly(L‐lactic acid) composites

“…Polymers can be grafted on the cellulose surface using different polymerization techniques. [19][20][21] PLLA is used for chemical modification of α-cellulose prior to composite fabrication. It is very hard to form a bond between hydrophilic cellulose and hydrophobic PLLA.…”

“…Grafting is one of the acceptable methods by which a polymer chain directly grows on the cellulose surface. Polymers can be grafted on the cellulose surface using different polymerization techniques 19–21 . PLLA is used for chemical modification of α‐cellulose prior to composite fabrication.…”