Gradients in Homopolymers, Blends, and Copolymers

Jasso-Gastinel, Carlos F.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44353-1.00008-7

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…In polymer blends, this task is quite challenging due to the complex relationships between their properties, microstructures, and processing conditions. Recently, bioinspired gradient polymer materials have attracted a lot of attention due to their characteristic morphologies and properties . Most natural plants, such as bamboo, have different layers forming hierarchical microstructures with specific properties .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, bioinspired gradient polymer materials have attracted a lot of attention due to their characteristic morphologies and properties. 10,11 Most natural plants, such as bamboo, have different layers forming hierarchical microstructures with specific properties. 12 Cellulose fibers (vascular bundle) in bamboo are distributed densely in the outer region and sparsely in the inner region, which is beneficial to prevent buckling and fracture of bamboo under stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tuning gradient microstructures in immiscible polymer blends by viscosity ratio

Dan

Hufenus

Qin

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Bioinspired gradient microstructures provide an attractive template for functional materials with tailored properties. In this study, filaments with gradient microstructures are developed by melt‐spinning of immiscible polymer blends. The distribution of the gradient morphology is shown to be controlled by the viscosity ratio of polymers as well as the geometry of the capillary die. Distinct microstructure gradients with long thin fibrils near the surface region and short large droplets near the center region of the filament, as well as the inverse pattern, are formed in systems with different viscosity ratios. The shear flow field in the capillary can elucidate the formation mechanisms of gradient morphologies during processing. The results demonstrate how the features of a gradient microstructure can be tailored by the design of capillary geometry and processing conditions. The viscosity ratio is then introduced as an adjusting tool to control the gradient morphology in a given processing setup. In consequence, this study provides novel design routes for achieving gradient morphologies in immiscible polymers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48165.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning gradient microstructures in immiscible polymer blends by viscosity ratio

Dan

Hufenus

Qin

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In the search for synergistic interactions among the components of polymeric materials to optimize their mechanical properties, gradients in composition have been sought for different types of polymeric materials [1][2][3]. For two-component polymers, the possibilities are very vast, since in blends and copolymers, the chemical systems and, therefore, their properties, can be widely modified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, the properties contribution of each component is optimized; if the gradient composition is achieved, some region(s) are rich in component "A", and other region(s) are rich in component "B", provided that a close interaction is being maintained among those components by means of a gradual change in composition within the polymer bulk. The high molecular weight allows a full contribution of the specific characteristics of a polymeric component [1,4]. Such gradual change allows the presence of regions with intermediate composition which promotes the interaction of the components and diminishes phase separation [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the former reasonings relative to the effects obtained by forcing the copolymers' composition [1,[6][7][8][9], in this work, a methodology for the synthesis of a three-component polymer material is proposed, using a seeded, semi-continuous free-radical emulsion polymerization aimed at changing the moduli and deformation capacity to improve toughness (i.e., mechanical properties optimization) with respect to the material formed by an industrial method [17], using the styrene (S), n-butyl acrylate (BA), and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) system, where the three components are sequentially fed by pairs, using S as the common monomer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Methodology Towards Mechanical Properties Optimization of Three-Component Polymers by the Gradual Variation of Feed Composition in Semi-Continuous Emulsion-Free Radical Polymerization

et al. 2019

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In this work, a new methodology for the synthesis of three-component polymers (TCPs) was developed using a seeded, semi-continuous free-radical emulsion polymerization towards the optimization of the moduli–ultimate deformation performance and energy dissipation capacity for a styrene (S), n-butyl acrylate (BA), and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) system. The three components were sequentially fed in pairs, varying feed composition along the conversion using S as the common monomer. To prepare a reference material, an industrial method was utilized with those monomers, using an equivalent global composition in a two-stage batch process (TS). Nanophase formation in the particles was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the separation of the phases in the solid samples was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The changes in glass transition temperature were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The latter was primarily used to compare mechanodynamic properties as a function of temperature for the two synthesis methods used. Thus, the higher toughness of the forced composition three-component polymeric materials was evaluated by means of their energy dissipation capacity, toughness, and stress–strain measurements at several temperatures.

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The compatibility of high‐density polyethylene piping and elastomers with the future fuel methanol

Zhang

Abdellah

Kentish

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Methanol is an attractive hydrogen carrier that can assist the transition away from natural gas (NG) as a source of fuel. In this study, the compatibility of methanol with the existing plastic NG distribution network is investigated, focusing on high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) piping and associated elastomers. Poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene) (SBR), poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) (NBR), and polytetrafluoroethylene were investigated, as they are the base polymers for many elastomer materials. Commercial elastomers that are used in the NG distribution network were also studied, to determine the impact of methanol on polymer additives. The methanol solubility and diffusion in HDPE and associated elastomers, as well as changes to the mechanical properties, were determined to evaluate the compatibility of methanol with these materials. Methanol had a considerably higher diffusion coefficient than methane in HDPE, leading to a permeability that was two orders of magnitude greater. The flexibility of HDPE piping reduced upon exposure to methanol, as demonstrated by a reduction in tensile strain. In contrast, the sorption of methanol into the SBR and NBR was orders of magnitude greater than HDPE, due to their rubbery structure. The additives in commercial elastomers were extensively leached during methanol immersion, leading to significantly compromised mechanical properties. Hence, existing HDPE pipelines are compatible for the transport of methanol, but elastomer materials will be localized points of methanol loss and failure.

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Gradients in Homopolymers, Blends, and Copolymers

Cited by 10 publications

References 81 publications

Tuning gradient microstructures in immiscible polymer blends by viscosity ratio

Tuning gradient microstructures in immiscible polymer blends by viscosity ratio

A Methodology Towards Mechanical Properties Optimization of Three-Component Polymers by the Gradual Variation of Feed Composition in Semi-Continuous Emulsion-Free Radical Polymerization

The compatibility of high‐density polyethylene piping and elastomers with the future fuel methanol

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