The compatibility of high‐density polyethylene piping and elastomers with the future fuel methanol

Zhang, Yuecheng; Abdellah, Mohamed H.; Kentish, Sandra E.; Scholes, Colin A.

doi:10.1002/er.7739

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The sorption isotherm of NH 3 in commercial HDPE piping samples at 35 °C is provided in Figure 2 alongside CH 4 reported in our previous work. 59 In both cases, the linear sorption isotherm indicates Henry's law behavior, which is consistent with the rubbery nature of HDPE. A minor deviation at zero pressure is attributed to the sorption of each penetrant into carbon black, an important filler present in commercial HDPE samples.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…The sorption isotherm of NH 3 in commercial HDPE piping samples at 35 °C is provided in Figure alongside CH 4 reported in our previous work . In both cases, the linear sorption isotherm indicates Henry’s law behavior, which is consistent with the rubbery nature of HDPE.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Polymer density was determined through the buoyancy method, ISO 1183, using a digital XS205 Dual Range balance (Mettler Toledo, Australia) with a maximum of 0.06% error. The sample weight was measured in air and ethanol (100% undenatured, AR, ChemSupply, Australia) at 22 ± 1 °C . X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out to determine the crystallinity of HDPE, utilizing a D8 Advance diffractometer (Bruker, Germany) with a Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation source at 30 mA and 40 kV, scanning over a 2θ range from 5 to 35° at a rate of 0.02° every 5 s.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Compatibility of High-Density Polyethylene Piping and Associated Elastomers with the Renewable Fuels Ammonia and Dimethyl Ether

2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ammonia (NH 3 ) and dimethyl ether (DME) have been identified as sustainable hydrogen carrier fuels in a lowcarbon-emission economy. Here, the compatibility of polymer materials within the natural gas distribution network is investigated, specifically high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic piping and two associated elastomer materials, poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (SBR) and poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) (NBR). The compatibility between hydrogen carrier fuels and these piping systems is expressed in terms of polymer solubility, diffusivity, and importantly permeability. The sorption of methane, ammonia, and DME into HDPE and the two elastomers was linear with pressure, indicative of rubbery polymer behavior, and modeled through Henry's law. The highly condensable nature of ammonia and DME resulted in substantially higher solubility in all materials compared to methane, with both SBR and NBR having significantly higher solubility for both fuels compared to HDPE. Similarly, the permeability of ammonia and DME in HDPE and both elastomers was greater than that of methane, with NBR permeating both ammonia and DME orders of magnitude faster than HDPE, indicative that the elastomers will be a significant leak source. DME plasticized both HDPE and the elastomers, as evident by strong pressure-dependent and time-dependent permeability. As a result, a deterioration of up to 14 and 13% in the tensile stress and elongation at break, respectively, was observed in HDPE exposed to DME. We conclude that conventional HDPE pipeline material can successfully transport ammonia, with high leakage expected from the associated elastomers, but the HDPE pipeline transport of DME is not viable due to the fuel's strong interactions that alter the intrinsic properties of both HDPE and the elastomers.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Compatibility of High-Density Polyethylene Piping and Associated Elastomers with the Renewable Fuels Ammonia and Dimethyl Ether

2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The permeability of the blended NBR was measured by a constant volume variable pressure (CVVP) method, which is described in detail in our previous work. 27 The permeability was measured at 35 C with a 1 bar absolute pressure feed, expressed in unit Barrer (¼ 1 Â 10 À10 cm 3 STP ð ÞÁcm cm 2 ÁsÁcmHg ). Higher pressures were not investigated, as our prior work has demonstrated the strong plasticization effect ammonia has on NBR.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing ammonia permeance in poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) (NBR)‐based elastomers

Zhang,

Kentish,

Scholes

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ammonia (NH3) has emerged as a sustainable future fuel for a low‐carbon future. Ideally, the transportation and storage of ammonia in re‐purposed natural gas networks will dramatically reduce the economic burden associated with converting to ammonia. However, the highly condensable nature and small kinetic diameter of the ammonia means that this fuel readily permeates through the polymer‐based elastomers and gaskets used in natural gas infrastructure. To mitigate this issue, three kinds of additives have been incorporated into the conventional natural gas elastomer poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) (NBR) to reduce ammonia permeance. The first is based on increasing the basicity of the elastomer environment, the second provides chemical reactivity with ammonia to limit transport, and the third uses barrier additives to prevent diffusion. The mechanical properties of the modified elastomers; expressed as the tensile stress at yield and Young's modulus were studied. The creation of a basic environment through the addition of amines resulted in moderate changes in ammonia permeability, with up to 50% reduction of ammonia permeability observed from putrescine added NBR. Chemical additives lowered the permeability by up to 20% with limited impact on the tensile properties. The addition of 3% graphene oxide to NBR had the most significant decrease in ammonia permeability, 80%, but also produced a more rigid material. The investigation shows that ammonia permeability can be significantly reduced in NBR elastomers, through the addition of inexpensive additives in tailored strategies.

show abstract

“…Many studies have shown that alternative fuels such as biodiesel, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] DME, 22,23 methanol, 24 ethanol, 25,26 and ketones 27 have compatibility problems with fuel system elastomers. Fischer-Tropsch fuel is regarded as one of the prospective alternative fuels for fossil fuel due to its wide range of sources, such as coal, natural gas, and biomass, and its capability to reduce hazardous emissions when utilized in diesel engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on volume swell and mechanical properties of fuel system elastomers with Fischer–Tropsch fuel for diesel engines

Zhang

Peng

et al. 2022

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The compatibility of elastomers used in engine fuel system with Fischer–Tropsch (FT) fuel is essential, but there is very limited research available on it. In this work, the compatibility between four types of commonly used elastomers in fuel system and FT fuel was experimentally investigated. The assessed elastomers including nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), ethylene propylene diene-monomer rubber (EPDM), fluoroelastomer (FKM), and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) were exposed to FT fuel which derived from natural gas for 21 days. The properties of the elastomers such as mass, volume, hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength were measured before and after immersion, at the same time the change rates of these properties were calculated. The results demonstrated that all properties of EPDM deteriorated significantly after soak, and its compatibility with FT fuel was the worst, making it unsuitable for FT engines. NBR, FKM, and CPE all showed low rates of property change, with FKM exhibiting the greatest compatibility performance with FT fuel. Additionally, the O-rings made of FKM were submerged in FT fuel and diesel for 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days, respectively. It was found that the mass and volume variations of FKM O-rings in FT fuel were negligible and comparable with those of diesel fuel.

show abstract

The compatibility of high‐density polyethylene piping and elastomers with the future fuel methanol

Cited by 6 publications

References 53 publications

Compatibility of High-Density Polyethylene Piping and Associated Elastomers with the Renewable Fuels Ammonia and Dimethyl Ether

Compatibility of High-Density Polyethylene Piping and Associated Elastomers with the Renewable Fuels Ammonia and Dimethyl Ether

Reducing ammonia permeance in poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) (NBR)‐based elastomers

Study on volume swell and mechanical properties of fuel system elastomers with Fischer–Tropsch fuel for diesel engines

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About