GPR design and modeling for identifying the shallow subsurface dielectric properties

Mapping the spatial variation of soil water content at the field scale with different ground penetrating radar techniques

“…The radar system was set up using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) (FSH6 equipped with a VSWR bridge and power provider, Rohde & Schwarz, measurement is analyzed. A full description of the modeling of the radar signal is given by Lambot et al (2004aLambot et al ( , 2004bLambot et al ( , 2005. Due to the poor raw data quality in the higher frequency range, which might be caused by surface roughness, the fitting procedure using inverse simulation was performed on the frequency window of 800 to 1600 MHz only.…”

“…Following the approach of Lambot et al (2004aLambot et al ( , 2004bLambot et al ( , 2004cLambot et al ( , 2005, an ultra wideband stepped-frequency continuous-wave radar combined with an off-ground monostatic transverse electromagnetic (TEM) horn antenna (BBHA 9120 A, Schwarzbeck Mess-Elektronik, Schönau, Germany) was used. The radar system was set up using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) (FSH6 equipped with a VSWR bridge and power provider, Rohde & Schwarz, measurement is analyzed.…”

“…The first approach is based on the analysis of reflected waves ( general, the ground wave is the part of the radiated energy that travels between the transmitter and receiver through the top of the soil. The third approach is based on analyzing the (sub-) surface reflections of an off-ground GPR system, as described by Davis and Annan (2002), Redman et al (2002) and Lambot et al (2004aLambot et al ( , 2004bLambot et al ( , 2006a) amongst others. The advantage of the monostatic off-ground GPR method proposed by Lambot et al (2004aLambot et al ( , 2004bLambot et al ( , 2004c 2006a) is the possibility of a full wave inversion of the radar signal which takes into account the antenna effects and does not require an antenna height specific calibration above a perfect electric conductor (PEC, e.g.…”

Electromagnetic Inversion of GPR Signals and Subsequent Hydrodynamic Inversion to Estimate Effective Vadose Zone Hydraulic Properties

“…Following Lambot et al (2003)(2004b, 2004c), we used an UWB–SFCW radar combined with an off‐ground monostatic traveling wave TEM horn antenna. A SFCW radar is a continuous wave system in which the carrier frequency is changed with a fixed step.…”

“…Following Lambot et al (2004b)(2004c), the GPR system adopted in this study consists of an UWB–SFCW radar combined with a monostatic TEM horn antenna to be used off ground. This radar configuration is of practical interest because of its high mobility, but also because it enables realistic and efficient forward modeling of the radar–antenna–subsurface system (Lambot et al, 2003). As a result, the depth‐dependent soil dielectric properties can be estimated from electromagnetic inversion of a single GPR signal (Lambot et al, 2004c).…”