Governmental Public Health Powers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Gostin, Lawrence O.; Wiley, Lindsay F.

doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5460

Cited by 397 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The United States has been impacted especially hard by this pandemic, with over 167,000 deaths and well over 5.2 million cases of COVID-19 as of mid-August -and counting [5]. While U.S. federal efforts include tracking the disease, boosting research, overseeing vaccine development, and attempting to stimulate the economy [6], responses of U.S. state and local governments have varied and include efforts to restrict the movement and gathering of people as well as closing and tightly controlling re-opening of businesses and organizations, including academic institutions [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Depression and Physical Activity Among College Students on a Diverse Campus After a COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Order

Coughenour

Gakh

Pharr

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The numerous negative health impacts of COVID-19, which include expected changes to psychiatric illness and physical activity (PA), are disproportionately distributed in the United States. Mental illnesses and physical inactivity are prevalent among U.S. college students. This study examined whether there was a change in minutes of PA and depression scores after a stay-at-home order and examined predictors of these changes. An online survey was sent to all undergraduate and graduate students attending a large, diverse university via an electronic newsletter. The survey requested information about demographic and academic data, cardiorespiratory fitness, and depression symptoms. Paired t-tests and logistic regression were employed. Our sample (n=194) was predominantly female (73%), young (mean age of 25), not a sexual minority (82%), and had a mean 3.4 GPA. Students reported worse depression scores (p<0.01) and fewer minutes of PA (p=0.01) after the stay-at-home order. There was a small but significant (p=0.04) correlation between changes in total minutes of PA and depression scores. Senior (p=0.05) and Hispanic (p=0.03) students were less likely to report worsening depression scores than freshmen and white students, respectively. Asian students were significantly more likely than white students to report decreased PA. This study suggests that COVID-19 and its consequences may be contributing to reduced PA and greater depression symptoms in college students and that sub-groups have been affected differently. Targeted interventions to promote PA and support mental health may bolster the ability for resilience of college students.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Depression and Physical Activity Among College Students on a Diverse Campus After a COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Order

Coughenour

Gakh

Pharr

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…all 50 governors have declared states of health emergencies. Officials have implemented recommendations around social distancing, which includes the closing of nonessential businesses, closure of schools, and the implementation of stay at home orders (16). Targeted social distancing has been established as an effective way to reduce viral transmission, with a previous study of the 1957-58 influenzas showing a reduction in attack rate by >90% (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with COVID-19 in the United States: Zip code level cross sectional analysis

Guha

Bonsu

Dey

2020

Preprint

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Background: Multiple reports have pointed towards involvement of community and socioeconomic characteristics of people in the United States may be associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths. Methods:In this study, zip-code level data from 5 major metropolitan areas, was utilized to study the effect of multiple demographic & socioeconomic factors -including race, age, income, chronic disease comorbidity, population density, number of people per household on number of positive cases and ensuing death. Adjusted linear regression analysis using 13 to 16 such variables was performed. Results:Overall, 442 zip codes reporting 93,170 positive COVID-19 cases and 138 zip codes reporting mortality ranging from 0 to 25 were included in this study. A multivariable linear regression model noted that 1% increase in the proportion of residents above the age of 65 years, proportion of African American residents, proportion of females, persons per household and population density of the zip code increased the proportion of positive cases by 0.77%, 0.23%, 1.64%, 1.83% and 0.46% respectively (P<0.01) with only population density remaining significant in zip codes with greater than median number of cases. In zips with greater than median number of deaths, no community/socio-economic factor contributed significantly to death. Conclusion:This study gives early signals of gender, and racial inequalities while providing overwhelming evidence of how population density may contribute to an increase in the number of positive cases of COVID-19.

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“…The spread of infection can be slowed by public health measures that reduce person-to-person contact. Nonpharmaceutical interventions that include restricted travel, staying at home, and physical distancing can delay and flatten the peak of COVID-19 cases to avoid the overwhelming of medical services 4–6 . Nonpharmaceutical interventions therefore play a critical role in controlling the spread of disease until effective vaccines or drugs are available 7 .…”

Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 99%

A targeted e-learning approach to reduce student mixing during a pandemic

Yeo

Lai

Tan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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11The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in widespread closure of schools and universities. These institutions 12 have turned to distance learning to provide educational continuity. Schools now face the challenge of how to 13 reopen safely and resume in-class learning. However, there is little empirical evidence to guide decision-14 makers on how this can be achieved. Here, we show that selectively deploying e-learning for larger classes is 15 highly effective at decreasing campus-wide opportunities for student-to-student contact, while allowing most 16 in-class learning to continue uninterrupted. We conducted a natural experiment at a large university that 17 implemented a series of e-learning interventions during the COVID-19 outbreak. Analyses of >24 million 18 student connections to the university Wi-Fi network revealed that population size can be manipulated by e-19 learning in a targeted manner according to class size characteristics. Student mixing showed accelerated growth 20 with population size according to a power law distribution. Therefore, a small e-learning dependent decrease in 21 population size resulted in a large reduction in student clustering behaviour. Our results show that e-learning 22 interventions can decrease potential for disease transmission while minimizing disruption to university 23 operations. Universities should consider targeted e-learning a viable strategy for providing educational 24 continuity during early or late stages of a disease outbreak. 25 26 Main 27The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had enormous socioeconomic impact 1 . In 5 months, 5.5 28 million COVID-19 cases have been confirmed, resulting in 350,000 deaths across 188 countries 2 . The severe 29 acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 is primarily spread when an 30 infected person sneezes or coughs 3 . The spread of infection can be slowed by public health measures that 31 reduce person-to-person contact. Nonpharmaceutical interventions that include restricted travel, staying at 32 home, and physical distancing can delay and flatten the peak of COVID-19 cases to avoid the overwhelming of 33 medical services 4-6 . Nonpharmaceutical interventions therefore play a critical role in controlling the spread of 34 disease until effective vaccines or drugs are available 7 . 35 School closure is a key strategy for controlling the spread of infectious diseases 7-9 . Empirical and 36 modelling studies show that closing schools and universities can suppress COVID-19 transmission when 37 combined with other nonpharmaceutical interventions 5,6,10 . The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an 38 unprecedented number of school and university closures, affecting over 1.2 billion learners worldwide 11 . 39Consequently, a massive shift from classroom learning to distance learning has occurred 12 . This has created 40 great strain on educational institutions which function not only as places of learning, but also as major 41 employers and drivers of local economies. It is therefore important to con...

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Governmental Public Health Powers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 397 publications

References 4 publications

Changes in Depression and Physical Activity Among College Students on a Diverse Campus After a COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Order

Changes in Depression and Physical Activity Among College Students on a Diverse Campus After a COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Order

Community and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with COVID-19 in the United States: Zip code level cross sectional analysis

A targeted e-learning approach to reduce student mixing during a pandemic

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