Gordura visceral, subcutânea ou intramuscular: onde está o problema?

Abstract

The adipose tissue is a dynamic organ that secrets several factors, denominated adipokines. They are associated, directly or indirectly, in a process that contributes to atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulinic resistance and diabetes type 2, dyslipidemias, presenting the link between adiposity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. In the obesity, body fat depots are increased, presenting eventual elevation in the adipokines expression and secretion. The different fat depots, visceral, abdominal subcutaneous, gluteal-femoral subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue, have different metabolic and endocrine degrees, interfering, therefore, with specific form in the process associated with body adiposity in obese and diabetics subjects. The present study seeks to discuss the endocrine and metabolic role of each adipose tissue compartment, by way to assess their contribution to the complications linked to obesity.

Implicações da lipoclasia dermossônica no metabolismo energético e na composição corporal de ratos Wistar saudáveis

“…the subcutaneous fat pad) of humans and rodents, there is a greater capacity for leptin expression, synthesis, and secretion, as well as other proinflammatory adipokines, namely the interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) [4][5][6][7] . In addition, they make it clear that high levels of these adipokines lead to expressive cardiovascular repercussions, and also modulate important neuropeptide functions and anorexigen hormones in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus 17,28,29 . They also act directly on it, interfering with the energetic metabolism and with the regulation of appetite 18,21,23 , which may have caused the reduction in food intake and the weight loss observed in the DLCtreated rats ( Figures 1A and B).…”

“…Moreover, a low level of highfrequency ultrasound irradiation was used, which prevented the spreading effect of the mechanic wave, a fact that may imply a remarkable sonochemical effect of the LIUST on the WAT (Figures 2A and B). Considering the lipolytic effects of the DLC on the subcutaneous WAT [6][7][8] , the RET and PR fat pad reductions are believed to be related with the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine actions of the adipokines liberated by the subcutaneous WAT 17,[18][19][20][21]24,28 during the DLC; or they could have occurred because of an increase in the local enzymatic activity (LPL-lipoprotein and LHS-hormone-sensitive lipases) stimulated by the noradrenalin released in the sympathetic nerve endings of the subcutaneous WAT 6,7,9,30 after the DLC. Such effects, which corroborate the high levels of LPL obtained in this study ( Table 2) are indicative of noteworthy sonochemical actions of the 3MHz US in the subcutaneous inguinal and abdominal WAT 17,18,24 .…”

“…When comparing the plasma biochemical change to the reduction in the RET, PR, and ING fat pads after the treatment with DLC, one can identify a worrying effect of massive lipolysis and body fat redistribution through the bloodstream, as countless studies have shown that constant rises in the plasma lipid levels are the main risk factor for dyslipidemia and SM [17][18] among overweight and obese individuals 24,28,30 .…”

“…They also report that the increased FFA flow originating from adipose tissues to non-adipose ones, in general worsens the signaling of the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] , suggesting that the IR observed in the animals treated with DLC might have occurred due to the lipotoxic effects of the FFA in the IRS-1 signaling, bringing about dysfunctions in the activation cascade of this receptor [18][19][20][21] , which was indicated by the high values of HOMA-IR. Other studies show that the inhibition and/or loss of sensibility of the IRS-1 may facilitate the accumulation of tissue fat through the reduction of the lipolytic activity of the insulin, leading to the resterification of the FFA in the muscles and other tissues, a critical effect which is currently being discussed as lipotoxicity [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] .…”

“…These and other effects of low-intensity ultrasound therapy (LIUST) on the lipid and glycemic metabolism fostered several new possibilities for therapy applications in the treatment of obesity and type-II diabetes mellitus (DM 2 ). However, recents studies on thermogenesis, obesity, and physical activity revealed that the increase in plasma FFA is involved with the conditions of insulin preresistance (IR), obesity, and DM 2, and have several implications in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MS) [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] .…”