Goniometry of elbow carrying angle: a comparative clinical study on sexual dimorphism in young males and females

Bari, Wasim; Alam, M T; Omar, Saif

doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20151242

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The central axis of the arm was taken as a line joining the midpoint of the inter-epicondylar line to the tip of the acromion process of the arm [ 13 ]. RCA was measured on a true anteroposterior (AP view of the X-ray of the elbow by measuring the angle between the longitudinal axis of the humeral shaft and the longitudinal axis of the shaft of the ulna [ 18 - 20 ]. The axis of the humerus and ulna were determined by joining at least two central points on the humerus and ulna [ 18 - 20 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RCA was measured on a true anteroposterior (AP view of the X-ray of the elbow by measuring the angle between the longitudinal axis of the humeral shaft and the longitudinal axis of the shaft of the ulna [ 18 - 20 ]. The axis of the humerus and ulna were determined by joining at least two central points on the humerus and ulna [ 18 - 20 ]. Baumann’s angle was measured on a true AP view of the X-ray of the elbow.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Study of Factors Associated With Carrying Angle of the Human Elbow in Pediatric Age Group

Kushwaha¹,

Verma²,

Singh³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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Purpose This prospective cohort study aims to determine the factors that are associated with the carrying angle of the human elbow in the pediatric age group. Methods One hundred forty children up to 15 years of age were assessed for age, sex, forearm lengths of both sides, arm length of both sides, trans-trochanteric diameter, height, BMI, the inter-epicondylar distance of both sides, Baumann’s angle of both sides, presence or absence of secondary sexual characteristics, clinical carrying angle (CCA) of both sides, and radiological carrying angle (RCA) of both sides. Unpaired t-test was used to compare the means of carrying angle in the unrelated groups, namely gender and secondary sexual characteristics. The strength and direction of the relationship between carrying angle and continuous variables were tested by calculating Pearson’s correlation. Variables found to be associated with carrying angle at significance level >0.25 on bi-variable analysis were used to design a linear regression model to identify factors associated with carrying angle. Results The mean age was 5.84±4.76 years. Ninety-eight (70%) were males, and forty-two (30%) were females. The mean CCA on the right side was 8.55±2.01. The mean CCA on the left side was 8.77±2.03. The mean RCA on the right side was 8.85±2.09. The mean RCA on the left side was 9.07±2.13. On bi-variable analysis, the CCA was found to be associated with age, secondary sexual characteristics, weight, height, arm length, forearm length, inter-epicondylar distance, trans-trochanteric distance, and Baumann’s angle. CCA was found to be significantly negatively correlated with BMI. On multivariate linear regression, the CCA was found to be associated with age and inter-epicondylar distance. Conclusion Age and inter-epicondylar distance are the true associations of carrying angle.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Factors Associated With Carrying Angle of the Human Elbow in Pediatric Age Group

Kushwaha¹,

Verma²,

Singh³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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“…The joint is formed by articulating the upper ends of both radius and ulna between the lower end of the humerus. The long axis of the extended forearm is found to be at an angle to the long axis of the arm [2]. The carrying angle is defined as the angle made by the arm's median axis and forearm [3], which is fully extended and supinated and measures the forearm's lateral obliquity [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also considered a secondary sexual character [10,11]. On average, women have smaller shoulders and broader hips than their male counterparts, which may be one of the reasons why they have an acute carrying angle [2,12]. The carrying angle in the non-dominant extremity is less than in the dominant extremity of both genders, which states that the forces of nature alter the carrying angle [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrying Angle and Its Co-Relation With Different Parameters Height, Length of Forearm, and Age

Shah¹,

Naqvi²

2020

International Journal of Physiotherapy

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Background:The carrying angle is known as the acute angle created by the arm's median axis and that of the forearm, which is completely extended & supinated, and thus measures the forearm's lateral obliquity. This angle is best observed when the forearm is in full extension, elbow in supination, and the external rotation of the shoulder. The purpose of the research is to study the co-relationship between carrying angle and various parameters of height, forearm length, and age. Methods: A total of 106 asymptomatic, healthy students were selected from 18-22 years of age at Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, DMIMS, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha. The carrying angle was measured with a goniometer. A measuring tape was used to measure the overall height of the subject and length of the subject's forearm. Results: The p-value was found p< 0.05 on comparing carrying angle with height and forearm length, which suggests significant co-relation. Thus the person's height is inversely related to the carrying angle. The forearm length & height are directly related to each other; hence the forearm length is also related to the carrying angle. The p-value was found p > 0.05 on comparing carrying angle with age, which is non-significant. Thus there is no significant variation in carrying with age since the subjects were within a limited age range. Conclusion:The carrying angle depends on the bone's length in the forearm. If the bone length is significantly greater, the angulation of the proximal articulation of the proximal articular surface is lower, hence the carrying angle is lower and vice versa.

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“…It helps in the monitoring of traumatic lesions that affect the paediatric elbow [8]. Biomechanical engineers may require knowledge of the same for designing a total elbow prosthesis [9]. Developmental, aging and possibly racial influences add further to the variability of the carrying angle [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparison and Evaluation of Carrying Angle of Elbow With Anthropometric Measurements in Both Sexes

Kazi¹,

Keche²,

Joshi³

2017

IJAR

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Background:The carrying angle is defined as the acute angle made by the median axis of the arm with the fully extended and supinated forearm. It is important in walking, swinging and carrying objects. Various studies have been done on the cause of the formation of carrying angle. Variations in carrying angle have been reported with age groups, gender and race but little attention has been given to correlate the carrying angle with various anthropological parameters .Hence this study was done to co-relate the carrying angle with various anthropological parameters.

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Goniometry of elbow carrying angle: a comparative clinical study on sexual dimorphism in young males and females

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

A Study of Factors Associated With Carrying Angle of the Human Elbow in Pediatric Age Group

A Study of Factors Associated With Carrying Angle of the Human Elbow in Pediatric Age Group

Carrying Angle and Its Co-Relation With Different Parameters Height, Length of Forearm, and Age

The Comparison and Evaluation of Carrying Angle of Elbow With Anthropometric Measurements in Both Sexes

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