Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

Kochert, Michael N.; Steenhof, Karen; McIntyre, Carol L.; Craig, Erica H.

doi:10.2173/bow.goleag.01

Cited by 19 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…In contrast to low site fidelity during late summer, golden eagles show highly philopatric behavior during the breeding season (approximately March‐July; Kochert et al ., ). These findings confirm the importance of documenting space‐use patterns following the breeding season and document the dynamic nature of late summer habitat‐use patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Golden eagles were surveyed from 2006 to 2012 using fixed‐wing aircraft across four US Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs), spanning the majority of the western US golden eagle distribution (Kochert et al ., ; Fig. ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…During late summer (Jul‐Sep), golden eagles primarily prey on lagomorphs ( Lepus spp; Sylvagius spp) and other small to medium‐sized mammals (Kochert et al ., ). Spatial data on prey distribution or abundance were not available across the spatial and temporal extent of our study, though we assumed variation in primary productivity and drought severity would be useful proxies reflecting changes in prey availability at large spatial scales (Huntly & Inouye, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos are a widely distributed species that occupy vast, rugged landscapes across the northern hemisphere, with annual ranges that can be continental in scale (Kochert et al ., ). In the western United States (US), golden eagle populations currently appear to be stable (Millsap et al ., ; Nielson et al ., ), though there is a growing concern that increased anthropogenic energy development and land‐use change may result in significant population declines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Ecosystem processes, land cover, climate, and human settlement shape dynamic distributions for golden eagle across the western US

Tack

Noon

Bowen

et al. 2019

Animal Conservation

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Species-environment relationships for highly mobile species outside of the breeding season are often highly dynamic in response to the collective effects of everchanging climatic conditions, food resources, and anthropogenic disturbance. Capturing dynamic space-use patterns in a model-based framework is critical as model inference often drives place-based conservation planning. We applied dynamic occupancy models to broad-scale golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos survey data collected annually from 2006 to 2012 during the late summer post-fledging period in the western US. We defined survey sites as 10 km transect segments with a 1 km buffer on either transect side (n = 3540). Derived estimates of occupancy were low (4.4-7.9%) and turnover ratesthe probability that occupied sites were newly occupiedwere high (88-94%), demonstrating that annual transiency in occupancy dominates late summer behavior for golden eagles. Despite low philopatry during late summer, variation in golden eagle occupancy could be explained by a suite of land cover and annual-varying covariates including gross primary productivity, drought severity, and human disturbance. Our summary of 13 years of predicted occupancy by golden eagles across the western United States identified areas that are consistently used and that may contribute significantly to golden eagle conservation. Restricting development and targeting mitigation efforts in these areas offers practitioners a framework for conservation prioritization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ecosystem processes, land cover, climate, and human settlement shape dynamic distributions for golden eagle across the western US

Tack

Noon

Bowen

et al. 2019

Animal Conservation

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“…The bald eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ) are large apex predators that occupy a variety of vegetation complexes across North America. Both are long‐lived, slow to reproduce, have high cultural value in indigenous and nonindigenous communities throughout their range, and subject to widespread conservation concern (Buehler , Kochert et al ). This concern is codified in law in the United States, under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, enforced by the U.S.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection

Chabot¹,

Slater²

2018

Wildl. Soc. Bull.

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Wind energy development is increasing in the United States and Canada and may affect bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) populations through direct mortality. Wind farms on ridge-tops may present a greater mortality threat because of the importance of these features for migrating raptors. Regulators in both countries recommend methods for preconstruction surveys, so that eagle use and collision risk can be assessed at potential construction sites. We obtained hourly count data collected during the autumn seasons of 1990-2014 from 22 ridge-top raptor-migration monitoring sites in the Pacific, Eastern, and Central flyways of North America. We simulated 18 different survey protocols and effort levels based on survey guidance by repeatedly drawing quasi-random subsamples from continuously collected data in a manner that imitated the recommended protocols, comparing the number of eagles seen in simulated counts to the eagles seen in all data collected to assess the effectiveness of those protocols in correctly estimating the eagle passage rate (eagles detected per hour of counts) at each site. Multihour point counts conducted on a weekly basis were found to be ineffective at correctly estimating eagle passage both within and across years. Counts conducted in the afternoon were found to be more effective than those conducted in the morning. We demonstrate that full-day counts, conducted weekly during the peak period of eagle passage, were much more effective at estimating eagle passage rate. Although current guidance recommends the performance of such full day counts, this result underscores their importance in preconstruction surveys at potential wind sites as an essential tactic to estimate eagle passage and risk of collision with energy infrastructure. Ó 2018 The Wildlife Society.

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Demographic partitioning of dynamic energy subsidies revealed with an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck space use model

Eisaguirre

Booms

Barger

et al. 2022

Ecological Applications

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In populations across many taxa, a large fraction of sexually mature individuals do not breed but are attempting to enter the breeding population. Such individuals, often referred to as “floaters,” can play critical roles in the dynamics and stability of these populations and buffer them through periods of high adult mortality. Floaters are difficult to study, however, so we lack data needed to understand their roles in the population ecology and conservation status of many species. Here, we analyzed satellite telemetry data with a newly developed mechanistic space use model based on an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process to help overcome the paucity of data in studying the differential habitat selection and space use of floater and territorial golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos. Our sample consisted of 49 individuals tracked over complete breeding seasons across 4 years, totaling 104 eagle breeding seasons. Modeling these data mechanistically was required to disentangle key differences in movement and particularly to separate aspects of movement driven by resource selection from those driven by use of a central place. We found that floaters generally had more expansive space use patterns and larger home ranges, as well as evidence that they partition space with territorial individuals seemingly on fine scales through differential habitat and resource selection. Floater and territorial eagle home ranges overlapped markedly, suggesting that floaters use the interstices between territories. Furthermore, floater and territorial eagles differed in how they selected for uplift variables, key components of soaring birds’ energy landscape, with territorial eagles apparently better able to find and use thermal uplift. We also found relatively low individual heterogeneity in resource selection, especially among territorial individuals, suggesting a narrow realized niche for breeding individuals, which varied from the level of among‐individual variation present during migration. This work furthers our understanding of floaters’ potential roles in the population ecology of territorial species and suggests that conserving landscapes occupied by territorial eagles also protects floaters.

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Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Ecosystem processes, land cover, climate, and human settlement shape dynamic distributions for golden eagle across the western US

Ecosystem processes, land cover, climate, and human settlement shape dynamic distributions for golden eagle across the western US

Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection

Demographic partitioning of dynamic energy subsidies revealed with an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck space use model

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