“…As shown in Figure 1, the classification of PTAs can be broadly divided into inorganic PTAs and organic PTAs. Among them, inorganic PTAs mainly include noble metal nanoparticles (gold nanorods, 36–38 gold nanocrystals, 39 gold nanostars, 40 gold nanoshells 41,42 ), carbon nanomaterials (graphene, 43 carbon nanotubes 44,45 ), and other inorganic nanoparticles (black phosphorous, 46,47 MoS 2 48–50 and silica, 51 and so on). Organic materials include organic dyes (indocyanine green [ICG], 52 Prussian blue 53 ) and polymer nanoparticles (such as polypyrrole, 54,55 semiconducting polymer nanoparticles 56 ).…”