Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases

Abstract

Introduction: Vaccination remains very effective in stimulating protective immune responses against infections. An important task in antibody and vaccine preparation is to choose an optimal carrier that will ensure a high immune response. Particularly promising in this regard are nanoscale particle carriers. An antigen that is adsorbed or encapsulated by nanoparticles can be used as an adjuvant to optimize the immune response during vaccination. a very popular antigen carrier used for immunization and vaccination is gold nanoparticles, with are being used to make new vaccines against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. Areas covered: This review summarizes what is currently known about the use of gold nanoparticles as an antigen carrier and adjuvant to prepare antibodies in vivo and design vaccines against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. The basic principles, recent advances, and current problems in the use of gold nanoparticles are discussed. Expert opinion: Gold nanoparticles can be used as adjuvants to increase the effectiveness of vaccines by stimulating antigen-presenting cells and ensuring controlled antigen release. Studying the characteristics of the immune response obtained from the use of gold nanoparticles as a carrier and an adjuvant will permit the particles' potential for vaccine design to be increased.

Immunogenicity of gold nanoparticle-based truncated ORF2 vaccine in mice against Hepatitis E virus

“…The GNPs can be designed in different shape and sizes such as nanospheres, nanorods, nanoshells (core and shell), and nanostars—which influences immune response (Dykman et al 2018 , Niikura et al 2013 ). Conjugation of GNPs with the antigens has been reported by several researcher for immunization studies against viral diseases such as Foot and mouth disease virus (Chen et al 2010 ), Influenza virus, West Nile fever virus and Hepatitis B virus (Dykman 2020 ). For Hepatitis E virus, use of gold fluorescent nanoclusters were reported earlier for tracking the dynamic behavior of vaccine in vivo and its immune response (Wang et al 2016 ).…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Citrate-Stabilized Gold-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

“…For the subsequent detection of these interactions, the enzyme-mediated growth or aggregation of Au-NPs is employed [ 6 ]. In the same way, components of viruses can be bound as antigens to gold nanoparticles to develop improved vaccination strategies [ 7 ]. Furthermore, surface modifications can be used, e.g., to create drug delivery systems when functionalized with therapeutics [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], as well as for photothermal therapy for cancer [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Ayurvedic metal nanoparticles could be novel antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2

“…It was reported that gold nanoparticles are having significant vaccine adjuvant properties and the coated gold nanoparticles act by increasing inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12) production [ 25 ]. Gold nanoparticle complexes with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) exhibited higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6 in animals immunized with the complexes than those in animals challenged with only antigen [ 26 ].…”