Gold Nanoparticle Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for Enhanced Neurochemical Detection

Mohanaraj, Sanuja; Wonnenberg, Pauline; Cohen, Brianna L.; Zhao, Heyun; Hartings, Matthew R.; Zou, Shouzhong; Fox, Douglas M.; Zestos, Alexander G.

doi:10.3791/59552

Cited by 15 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…CNT-polymer [16] modified microelectrodes such as Nafion and overoxidized-polypyrrole enhanced the sensitivity dopamine detection and reduced selectivity for anionic ascorbic acid by increasing the negative charge of the surface of the electrode, which causes the electrostatic repulsion of the analytes [17]. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles [18], carbon nanospikes [19], and carbon nanotubes [20] were grown on highly conductive metals to create novel sensors for neurotransmitter detection with fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Despite the great increases in sensitivity afforded by the CNT-modified microelectrodes, there was also a great increase in noise of the measurements because of the heterogeneous surface of the CNT and carbon fiber (loose sheets of graphene) interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotube Yarn Microelectrodes Promote High Temporal Measurements of Serotonin Using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

Mendoza

Asrat

Liu

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Carbon fiber-microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been the standard for neurotransmitter detection for over forty years. However, in recent years, there have been many advances of utilizing alternative nanomaterials for neurotransmitter detection with fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). Recently, carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns have been developed as the working electrode materials for neurotransmitter sensing capabilities with fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Carbon nanotubes are ideal for neurotransmitter detection because they have higher aspect ratios enabling monoamine adsorption and lower limits of detection, faster electron transfer kinetics, and a resistance to surface fouling. Several methods to modify CFMEs with CNTs have resulted in increases in sensitivity, but have also increased noise and led to irreproducible results. In this study, we utilize commercially available CNT-yarns to make microelectrodes as enhanced neurotransmitter sensors for neurotransmitters such as serotonin. CNT-yarn microelectrodes have significantly higher sensitivities (peak oxidative currents of the cyclic voltammograms) than CFMEs and faster electron transfer kinetics as measured by peak separation (ΔEP) values. Moreover, both serotonin and dopamine are adsorption controlled to the surface of the electrode as measured by scan rate and concentration experiments. CNT yarn microelectrodes also resisted surface fouling of serotonin onto the surface of the electrode over thirty minutes and had a wave application frequency independent response to sensitivity at the surface of the electrode.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotube Yarn Microelectrodes Promote High Temporal Measurements of Serotonin Using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

Mendoza

Asrat

Liu

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…Other coatings such as PEDOT/graphene oxide [58] and gold [59] have been utilized to lower carbon fiber electrode impedances, though these coatings are typically used for chemical sensing probes rather than for ePhys recordings. Due to the inherent properties of carbon fibers [60], the carbon fiber array presented here can be converted from a probe optimized for ePhys to a chemical sensing device with a simple change of tip preparation [50].…”

Section: Optimizing Tip Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchtop Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Array Fabrication Toolkit

Patel

Welle

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Conventional neural probes are primarily fabricated in a cleanroom, requiring the use of multiple expensive and highly specialized tools. New method: We propose a cleanroom 'light' fabrication process of carbon fiber neural electrode arrays that can be learned quickly by an inexperienced cleanroom user. This carbon fiber electrode array fabrication process requires just one cleanroom tool, a parylene-c deposition machine, that can be learned quickly or outsourced to a commercial processing facility at marginal cost. Our fabrication process also includes hand-populating printed circuit boards, insulation, and tip optimization. Results: The three different tip optimizations explored here (Nd:YAG laser, blowtorch, and UV laser) result in a range of tip geometries and 1kHz impedances, with blowtorched fibers resulting in the lowest impedance. While previous experiments have proven laser and blowtorch electrode efficacy, this paper also shows UV laser cut fibers can record neural signals in vivo. Comparison with existing methods: Existing carbon fiber arrays either do not have individuated electrodes in favor of bundles or require cleanroom fabricated guides for population and insulation. The proposed arrays use only tools that can be used at a benchtop for fiber population. Conclusions: This carbon fiber electrode array fabrication process allows for quick customization of bulk array fabrication at a reduced price compared to commercially available probes.

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“…Additionally, CFME surfaces can be functionalized with ease to tune the electrode to increase selectivity and decrease biofouling. Such coatings include: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):Nafion [ 74 ], PEDOT:phosphorylcholrine [ 90 ], PEDOT: poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) [ 88 ], CFME:gold nanoparticle [ 91 ], carbon nanospikes [ 89 , 92 ], Nafion carbon nanotubes [ 93 , 94 ], polycrystalline boron doped diamond [ 95 , 96 ], and carbon nanotube yarn [ 97 , 98 ]. Each coating has been tailored to not only increase sensitivity to NTs such as DA, but also to decrease the effects of biofouling and increase in vivo sensor lifetime.…”

Section: Introduction To Carbon-based Sensors For Neurochemical Sementioning

confidence: 99%

Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2021

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Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (sp3-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures. While tradeoffs in sensitivity can undermine the advantages of BDD as a neurochemical sensor, there are numerous untapped opportunities to further improve performance, including anodic pretreatment, or optimization of the FSCV waveform, instrumentation, sp2/sp3 character, doping, surface characteristics, and signal processing. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing and discuss potential opportunities for future advancements of the technology. We highlight our team’s progress with the development of an all-diamond fiber ultramicroelectrode as a novel approach to advance the performance and applications of diamond-based neurochemical sensors.

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Gold Nanoparticle Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for Enhanced Neurochemical Detection

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Carbon Nanotube Yarn Microelectrodes Promote High Temporal Measurements of Serotonin Using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

Carbon Nanotube Yarn Microelectrodes Promote High Temporal Measurements of Serotonin Using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

Benchtop Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Array Fabrication Toolkit

Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities

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