“…Therefore, the mass change on the surface of quartz crystal can be detected by the frequency shift according to piezoelectric effect. QCM biosensors possess the advantages of high sensitivity at a nanogram level, label-free and real-time monitoring, which is widely used in the detection of genes, proteins, cells, microorganisms, toxins and so on [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44].…”