Gold and electrum jewellery in the strategic area of Gadir in Phoenician period

Ortega-Feliú, I.; Gómez-Tubío, B.; Salamanca, María Angeles Ontalba; Respaldiza, M.Á.; Bandera, M. L. de la; Zappino, Gobain Ovejero

doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.02.077

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Unlike the results obtained in this analysis, some works have reported examples of joining with gold enrichment and a simultaneous decrease in copper and silver. This process, rare in archaeological samples, has been denominated by some authors local fusion or fusion welding , and they indicated that the same procedure as the autogenous welding has been employed but with different results.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 81%

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Compositional and microstructural study of joining methods in archaeological gold objects

et al. 2017

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This work arises in response to the need to understand the production techniques of pre-roman gold jewels, starting from the systematic characterization of the different methods of metal joining used in antiquity to produce these objects.To meet this requirement, different procedures used in antiquity were reproduced by means of experimental archaeology. These models correspond to three metal-joining methods reported by ancient recipes: solid-state diffusion with copper salt, brazing and autogenous welding. These techniques were studied by different analytical methods in order to characterize them at both compositional and microstructural level (SEM-EDS, metallography, μ-XRF and μ-PIXE). The results obtained show that the solid-state diffusion bonding with copper salt presents a crystal hexagonal structure without phase changes in the joining point, where only a variation in the grain size is observed. At the compositional level, this soldering method is characterized by a local increase in copper concentration and a small decrease in gold content. In contrast, brazing shows a dendritic-porous structure due to the superposition of the soldering alloy and the crystal structure of the original foils. Besides, the compositional analysis revealed an increment of silver and copper concentrations and a simultaneous reduction of gold concentration. Finally, in the autogenous welding, no changes at the microstructural and compositional levels were observed.The results obtained have also demonstrated the usefulness of a portable μ-XRF system for the in-situ characterization of ancient jewels.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 81%

“…Although the scientific results obtained from the study of a wide variety of gold objects [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] have recently provided important information about manufacturing techniques, there are yet many unexplored aspects about the joining processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compositional and microstructural study of joining methods in archaeological gold objects

et al. 2017

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“…he cloisonné rosettes consist of a base gold foil, cut and polished on the borders, where strips around 400 μm thick and 1000 to 1200 μm in length, cut with a chisel, are hard-soldered. We note that this technique was found previously in Tartesic (Ontalba-Salamanca et al, 2001) and Phoenician (Ortega-Feliu et al, 2007) jewellery. he internal surfaces of the petals are scratched (Fig.…”

Section: Earringssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Interestingly, the silver to copper ratio is about 10 for all analyses. he variety of the Phoenician gold alloys was shown for the Gadir region by Ortega-Feliu et al (2007). he massive gold elbow triangular-shaped ibula is decorated with rosettes in cloisonné, inlaid with red and blue glass paste.…”

Section: Earringsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ examination and analysis of the gold jewellery from the Phoenician tomb of Kition (Cyprus)

Guerra¹,

Rehren²

2009

archeosciences

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he Phoenician tomb discovered in Kition in 1998 yielded some of the most impressive gold jewellery items recovered by archaeological excavations in Cyprus. Seal inger-rings, lunate earrings, necklace pendants, bracelets and a richly decorated elbow ibula exemplify the goldsmith's skill in the 8 th-7 th century BC. he aim of this work is to describe and illustrate the goldsmith's techniques with low magniication micrographs and to determine the variety in composition of the gold alloys used in the manufacture of 25 items. he study, integrated in the European project AUTHENTICO, was carried out at the National Museum of Archaeology of Nicosia with a portable video camera equipped with a zoom and a handheld XRF spectrometer. Résumé : Parmi les objets d'orfèvrerie les plus impressionnants livrés par les fouilles archéologiques menées à Chypre, se trouvent ceux découverts en 1998 dans la tombe phénicienne de Kition. Bagues à sceau, boucles d'oreille, pendants de colliers, bracelets et une ibule à l'arc coudé richement décorée, mettent en évidence la virtuosité de l'orfèvre au VIII e-VII e siècle av. J.-C. Le but de ce travail est de décrire et illustrer les techniques employées par l'orfèvre et de déterminer la variété des alliages en or employés. L'étude analytique a été réalisée dans le cadre du projet européen AUTHENTICO, au Musée national d'archéologie de Nicosie, à l'aide d'une camera vidéo portable équipée d'un zoom et d'un analyseur de luorescence X portable miniaturisé.

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“…Evidence is widespread for iron production at other Phoenician colonies such as those in the Iberian Peninsula that are contemporary with their indigenous silver producing counterparts, coming from such settlements as Abdera, Cabecico de Parra, Morro de Mezquitilla, Cerro del Peñ on, La Fonteta, Sa Caleta, and Santa Olaia (Renzi et al, 2009;Neville, 2007, 136;Ortega-Feliu et al, 2007;Renzi and Rovira, 2007;Salamanca et al, 2006;Kassianidou, 2003;Jurado, 2002;Niemeyer, 2002;Ram on, 2002;Kassianidou, 1992;Keesmann and Hellermann, 1989). At Tartessian sites such as Cabezo de San Pedro, San Bartolom e, Huelva, and perhaps Almonte, silver working installations can be found that date just before the arrival of Phoenicians, with accelerated developments following colonial contact (Ruiz Mata, 2002, 265).…”

Section: Phoenician Iron Metallurgy and Political Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferrous metallurgy from the Bir Massouda metallurgical precinct at Phoenician and Punic Carthage and the beginning of the North African Iron Age

Kaufman

Docter

Fischer

et al. 2016

Journal of Archaeological Science

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18provided evidence for ferrous metallurgical activity spanning several centuries. 19Archaeometallurgical analyses of slagged tuyères, slag, and alloys using optical microscopy, 20 portable x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF), and variable pressure scanning electron 21 microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (VPSEM-EDS) show that 22Carthaginian smiths were conducting primary smithing and forging of wrought iron and steel.

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Gold and electrum jewellery in the strategic area of Gadir in Phoenician period

Cited by 17 publications

References 15 publications

Compositional and microstructural study of joining methods in archaeological gold objects

Compositional and microstructural study of joining methods in archaeological gold objects

In-situ examination and analysis of the gold jewellery from the Phoenician tomb of Kition (Cyprus)

Ferrous metallurgy from the Bir Massouda metallurgical precinct at Phoenician and Punic Carthage and the beginning of the North African Iron Age

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