Glycemic Load, Glycemic Index, and the Risk of Breast Cancer Among Mexican Women

Lajous, Martín; Willett, Walter C.; Lazcano‐Ponce, Eduardo; Sánchez-Zamorano, Luisa María; Hernández-Ávila, Mauricio; Romieu, Isabelle

doi:10.1007/s10552-005-0355-x

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Four articles were multiple publications from the same study and one further article did not provide sufficient information on their results, and hence were excluded. Of the remaining studies, 14 specifically referred to breast cancer risk (Augustin et al, 2001;Levi et al, 2002;Cho et al, 2003;Jonas et al, 2003;Frazier et al, 2004;Higginbotham et al, 2004;Holmes et al, 2004;Lajous et al, 2005Lajous et al, , 2008Nielsen et al, 2005;Silvera et al, 2005;Giles et al, 2006;McCann et al, 2007;Sieri et al, 2007), the characteristics of which are summarised in Table 1. Cohort studies accounted for 10, one of which was a retrospective design, and the remaining 4 publications were case -control studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies categorised intake by quartiles (McCann et al, 2007;Sieri et al, 2007;Lajous et al, 2008) or quintiles (Augustin et al, 2001;Cho et al, 2003;Jonas et al, 2003;Frazier et al, 2004;Higginbotham et al, 2004;Holmes et al, 2004;Lajous et al, 2005;Silvera et al, 2005). Two studies could not be included in meta-analyses, as GI/GL intakes were only examined as continuous variables (Nielsen et al, 2005;Giles et al, 2006), and another study was excluded, as it did not present results separately by menopausal status (Levi et al, 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2008

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This systematic review aimed to examine if an association exists between dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) intake and breast cancer risk. A systematic search was conducted in Medline and Embase and identified 14 relevant studies up to May 2008. Adjusted relative risk estimates comparing breast cancer risk for the highest versus the lowest category of GI/GL intake were extracted from relevant studies and combined in meta-analyses using a random-effects model. Combined estimates from six cohort studies show non-significant increased breast cancer risks for premenopausal women (relative risk (RR) 1.14, 95% CI 0.95 -1.38) and postmenopausal women (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.99 -1.25) consuming the highest versus the lowest category of GI intake. Evidence of heterogeneity hindered analyses of GL and premenopausal risk, although most studies did not observe any significant association. Pooled cohort study results indicated no association between postmenopausal risk and GL intake (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.94 -1.12). Our findings do not provide strong support of an association between dietary GI and GL and breast cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer (2008) Glycaemic index (GI) values classify foods according to the 2-h blood glucose response after consuming a portion of the food containing 50 g of available carbohydrate, compared with the equivalent amount from a standard food, such as glucose or white bread (Jenkins et al, 1981). The glycaemic load (GL) concept was later developed to better reflect the blood glucose response and insulin demand of a food by taking into account the total amount of carbohydrate usually consumed in addition to its GI value (Salmeron et al, 1997).Habitual consumption of a high GI or GL diet may promote carcinogenesis by inducing hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia (Brand-Miller, 2003), potentially acting through the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis (Biddinger and Ludwig, 2005). A recent meta-analysis illustrated that IGF-1 levels were associated with premenopausal but not postmenopausal breast cancer risk (Renehan et al, 2006). Additionally, high GI diets may promote weight gain . High body fatness contributes to an increased risk of postmenopausal, yet a reduced risk of premenopausal, breast cancer (Renehan et al, 2008). There has been a recent surge in research of the effect of GI and GL intake on breast cancer risk; however, results to date have been conflicting (Augustin et al, 2001;Key and Spencer, 2007;McCann et al, 2007). This may not be surprising, given the disparities between the biologically plausible mechanisms suggested above.In this systematic review, we had the aim of clarifying any association between dietary GI, GL and breast cancer risk, and of determining if risk varies according to menopausal status or body fatness. MATERIALS AND METHODSOvid Medline, including Medline In-Process (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA), and Embase (Reed Elsevier PLC, Amsterdam, Netherlands) databases were systematically searched for relevant studies published up t...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2008

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“…Most studies of dietary or plasma levels of vitamins B6 (4-7) and methionine (8) have not supported inverse associations with breast cancer risk. Dietary (7,25) or plasma (5, 6) levels of vitamin B12 were inversely association with breast cancer, except in one study (4). We are not aware of any studies examining choline and betaine intakes in relation to breast cancer.…”

Section: Nutrients In One-carbon Metabolism and Breast Cancer Cancer mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Besides folate, betaine, and methionine, other nutrients influence onecarbon metabolism, including vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and choline. Previous epidemiologic studies of intakes of these nutrients and breast cancer risk have been limited for most of the nutrients except folate; have included primarily postmenopausal women; and, to our knowledge, have not examined choline and betaine (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). We therefore examined intakes of these nutrients in relation to breast cancer risk among premenopausal women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrients Involved in One-Carbon Metabolism and Risk of Breast Cancer among Premenopausal Women

Cho¹,

Holmes²,

Hankinson³

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, methionine, choline, and betaine are nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism and have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of breast cancer. However, previous epidemiologic studies on most of these nutrients and breast cancer risk have been inconclusive and have included primarily postmenopausal women. No study has examined choline and betaine in relation to breast cancer risk. Therefore, we examined the intake of these nutrients in relation to breast cancer risk among 90,663 premenopausal women ages 26 to 46 years in 1991 in the Nurses' Health Study II. Nutrient intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire in 1991, 1995, and 1999. During 12 years of follow-up from 1991 to 2003, we documented 1,032 incident cases of invasive breast cancer. Overall, none of the nutrients was associated with risk of breast cancer. The results were similar by levels of alcohol intake and folate intake and for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. In conclusion, we found no evidence that higher intakes of nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism reduce risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(12):2787-90)

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“…Although many researchers have applied GI estimation values to dietary assessment instruments [14][15][16][17], the methodology used to obtain these values has only recently been documented in detail in a few studies using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) [17][18][19]. However, although similar, description of methodology in assigning GI values in 24-hour dietary recalls (24HRs) is currently lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for adding glycemic index and glycemic load values to 24-hour dietary recall database

Olendzki

Culver³

et al. 2006

Nutrition

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Objectives-We describe a method of adding the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values to the nutrient database of the 24-hour dietary recall interview (24HR), a widely used dietary assessment. We also calculated daily GI and GL values from the 24HR.Methods-Subjects were 641 healthy adults from central Massachusetts who completed 9067 24HRs. The 24HR-derived food data were matched to the International Table of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values. The GI values for specific foods not in the table were estimated against similar foods according to physical and chemical factors that determine GI. Mixed foods were disaggregated into individual ingredients.Results-Of 1261 carbohydrate-containing foods in the database, GI values of 602 foods were obtained from a direct match (47.7%), accounting for 22.36% of dietary carbohydrate. GI values from 656 foods (52.1%) were estimated, contributing to 77.64% of dietary carbohydrate. The GI values from three unknown foods (0.2%) could not be assigned. The average daily GI was 84 (SD 5.1, white bread as referent) and the average GL was 196 (SD 63).Conclusion-Using this methodology for adding GI and GL values to nutrient databases, it is possible to assess associations between GI and/or GL and body weight and chronic disease outcomes (diabetes, cancer, heart disease). This method can be used in clinical and survey research settings where 24HRs are a practical means for assessing diet. The implications for using this methodology compel a broader evaluation of diet with disease outcomes.

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Glycemic Load, Glycemic Index, and the Risk of Breast Cancer Among Mexican Women

Abstract: High intake of rapidly absorbed carbohydrate appears to play an important role in the risk of breast cancer in Mexican women.

Cited by 52 publications

References 21 publications

Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nutrients Involved in One-Carbon Metabolism and Risk of Breast Cancer among Premenopausal Women

Methodology for adding glycemic index and glycemic load values to 24-hour dietary recall database

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