Glycemic Index, Carbohydrates, Glycemic Load, and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Prospective Cohort Study

Jiao, Li; Flood, Andrew; Subar, Amy F.; Hollenbeck, Albert R.; Schatzkin, Arthur; Stolzenberg‐Solomon, Rachael Z.

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1135

Cited by 51 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Also in this study involving 482,362 participants and 1,151 pancreatic cancer cases, no convincing association between diet and pancreatic cancer was found. The authors postulated a possible association between pancreatic cancer and a high intake of free fructose [74]. A similar association was found by a group who identified a 2-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer in persons consuming more than two soft drinks (sweetened soda) per week [57].…”

Section: Pancreatic Cancermentioning

confidence: 72%

Environmental Risk Factors for Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

Nitsche

Simon

Weiss

et al. 2011

Dig Dis

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Chronic pancreatitis has long been thought to be mainly associated with immoderate alcohol consumption. The observation that only ∼10% of heavy drinkers develop chronic pancreatitis not only suggests that other environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke, are potent additional risk factors, but also that the genetic component of pancreatitis is more common than previously presumed. Either disease-causing or protective traits have been indentified for mutations in different trypsinogen genes, the gene for the trypsin inhibitor SPINK1, chymotrypsinogen C, and the cystic fibrosis transmembane conductance regulator (CFTR). Other factors that have been proposed to contribute to pancreatitis are obesity, diets high in animal protein and fat, as well as antioxidant deficiencies. For the development of pancreatic cancer, preexisting chronic pancreatitis, more prominently hereditary pancreatitis, is a risk factor. The data on environmental risk factors for pancreatic cancer are, with the notable exception of tobacco smoke, either sparse, unconfirmed or controversial. Obesity appears to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in the West but not in Japan. Diets high in processed or red meat, diets low in fruits and vegetables, phytochemicals such as lycopene and flavonols, have been proposed and refuted as risk or protective factors in different trials. The best established and single most important risk factor for cancer as well as pancreatitis and the one to clearly avoid is tobacco smoke.

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Section: Pancreatic Cancermentioning

confidence: 72%

Environmental Risk Factors for Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

Nitsche

Simon

Weiss

et al. 2011

Dig Dis

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“…The analysis did not reveal a significant risk relation between carbohydrate intake and pancreatic cancer (RR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.89; 1.21 per 50 g carbohydrates/day). The 5th cohort study and the cohort studies published after the SLR did not find a risk relation between carbohydrate intake and pancreatic cancer either [Nöthlings et al, 2007;Patel et al, 2007;Heinen et al, 2008;Jiao et al, 2009] …”

Section: (Loe Iib)mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In the SLR [WCRF/AICR, 2007], no cohort study reporting on the risk relation between malignant tumours of the pancreas and intake of sugar was identified. In studies that were published after the SLR, the quantity of sugar intake did not prove to be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer [Nöthlings et al, 2007;Jiao et al, 2009] (both LOE IIb). Likewise, the consumption of sweets or jam was no risk factors for malignant tumours of the pancreas [Larsson et al, 2006b] (LOE IIb).…”

Section: Cancer Of the Colon Or Colorectummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study there was no significantly increased risk with regard to high fructose intake. Two recent large U.S. studies (the Multiethnic Cohort Study and the NIH-AARP Study ) investigated fructose intake; both found an increased risk of pancreatic cancer with high fructose intake [Nöthlings et al, 2007;Jiao et al, 2009] (both LOE IIb). Likewise, in the NIH-AARP Study , an increased risk with high glucose intake was observed [Jiao et al, 2009] (LOE IIb).…”

Section: Cancer Of the Pancreasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Carbohydrate Intake and Prevention of Nutrition-Related Diseases

Bechthold²,

et al. 2012

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The relative contribution of nutrition-related chronic diseases to the total disease burden of the society and the health care costs has risen continuously over the last decades. Thus, there is an urgent necessity to better exploit the potential of dietary prevention of diseases. Carbohydrates play a major role in human nutrition – next to fat, carbohydrates are the second biggest group of energy-yielding nutrients. Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease and cancer are wide-spread diseases, in which carbohydrates could have a pathophysiologic relevance. Correspondingly, modification of carbohydrate intake could have a preventive potential. In the present evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society, the potential role of carbohydrates in the primary prevention of the named diseases was judged systematically. The major findings were: a high carbohydrate intake at the expense of total fat and saturated fatty acids reduces the concentrations of total, LDL and HDL cholesterol. A high carbohydrate consumption at the expense of polyunsaturated fatty acids increases total and LDL cholesterol, but reduces HDL cholesterol. Regardless of the type of fat being replaced, a high carbohydrate intake promotes an increase in the triglyceride concentration. Furthermore, a high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas a high dietary fibre intake, mainly from whole-grain products, reduces the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer at varying evidence levels. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are presented.

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“…The GI and GL, which considers both the quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake, have been shown to be related to chronic disease and increased risk of cancer (Patel et al, 2007;Jiao et al, 2009;Bao et al, 2010), including breast cancer (Lajous et al, 2005;Gnagnarella et al, 2008;Lajous et al, 2008;Larsson et al, 2009;Belle et al, 2011;Shikany et al, 2011). Because breast et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2009;Butler et al, 2010, Zeng et al, 2013, association studies between breast cancer risk and simple GI and GL values might not explain the effects of overall diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Dietary Patterns and the Associated Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case-control Study

Woo

Park

Shin

et al. 2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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The glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been considered risk factors for breast cancer, but association studies of breast cancer risk using simple GI and GL might be affected by confounding effects of the overall diet. A total of 357 cases and 357 age-matched controls were enrolled, and dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 103 food items. GI and GL dietary patterns were derived by reduced rank regression (RRR) method. The GI and GL pattern scores were positively associated with breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women [OR (95%CI): 3.31 (1.06-10.39), p for trend=0.031; 9.24 trend=0.043). The GI and GL pattern scores were positively associated with the risk of breast cancer in subgroups consumed were positively associated with breast cancer.

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Glycemic Index, Carbohydrates, Glycemic Load, and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Prospective Cohort Study

Cited by 51 publications

References 53 publications

Environmental Risk Factors for Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

Environmental Risk Factors for Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Carbohydrate Intake and Prevention of Nutrition-Related Diseases

Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Dietary Patterns and the Associated Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case-control Study

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