Glutathione transferase-mediated benzimidazole-resistance in Fusarium graminearum

Sevastos, A.; Labrou, Nikolaos E.; Flouri, F.; Malandrakis, Anastasios A.

doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.11.002

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…An increase in the enzyme activities was observed in fungicide-resistant isolates, which enhanced metabolic detoxification [ 31 , 32 ]. Recent studies have reported that GST is the major enzyme classes involved in cell detoxification processes, it may be responsible for the carbendazim resistance of Fusarium graminearum [ 27 ]. Moreover, POD activity was significantly higher in the dimethachlone-resistant compared to the sensitive isolates of S .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is further proved that L. theobromae is a kind of fungus with "high risk" for fungicide resistance development. Reduced sensitivity of fungicide target-sites and enhanced metabolic detoxification are the two major mechanisms in resistance development, such as the target gene point mutations [15][16][17][18], ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC) overexpression [26], or changes of the activity of metabolic enzymes [27]. Recent studies have shown that fungicides could lead to cell membrane damage and mycelium electrolyte leakage increase in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [28], and the fungicede-resistant isolates of S. sclerotiorum had a significant increase in relative conductivity [23,29].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

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Resistance mechanisms and fitness of pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from mango orchards

Yang

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Background Stem-end rot, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl is a serious postharvest disease in mango. In China, a high prevalence of the QoI fungicides resistance has been reported in the last decade. The study aimed to discuss factors determining rapid development of pyraclostrobin-resistance and its resistance mechanisms. Methods To determine the resistance stability and fitness of pyraclostrobin resistance in L. theobromae, three phenotypes of pyraclostrobin resistance were compared and analyzed for the EC50 values, mycelial growth, virulence and temperature sensitivity and osmotic stress sensitivity. The relative conductivity and enzyme activities of different phenotypes were compared under fungicide stress to explore possible biochemical mechanisms of pyraclostrobin resistance in L. theobromae. The Cytb gene sequences of different phenotypes were analysed. Results All isolates retained their original resistance phenotypes during the 10 subcultures on a fungicide-free PDA, factor of sensitivity change (FSC) was approximately equal to 1. The resistance-pyraclostrobin of the field isolates should be relatively stable. Two pyraclostrobin-resistant phenotypes shared similar mycelial growth, virulence and temperature sensitivity with pyraclostrobin-sensitive phenotype. After treated by pyraclostrobin, the relative conductivity of the sensitive phenotype was significantly increased. The time of Pyr-R and Pyr-HR reached the most conductivity was about 8–10 times than that of Pyr-S, the time for the maximum value appearance showed significant differences between sensitive and resistant phenotypes. The activities of Glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) of Pyr-HR were 1.78, 5.45 and 1.65 times respectively, significantly higher than that of Pyr-S after treated by 200 mg/l pyraclostrobin. Conclusion The results showed that the pyraclostrobin-resistant phenotypes displayed high fitness and high-risk. The nucleotide sequences were identical among all pyraclostrobin-resistant and -sensitive isolates. The pyraclostrobin resistance was not attributable to Cytb gene alterations, there may be some of other resistance mechanisms. Differential response of enzyme activity and cell membrane permeability were observed in resistant- and sensitive-isolates suggesting a mechanism of metabolic resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance mechanisms and fitness of pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from mango orchards

Yang

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…Beside plants, the genomes of plant pathogenic fungi also encode GST genes (McGoldrick et al, 2005; Calmes et al, 2015; Sevastos et al, 2017). Fungal GSTs may have a pivotal role in protecting fungi against plant-derived toxic metabolites and ROS accumulating during infection at the host-pathogen interface.…”

Section: Gsts In Plant-fungus Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymes in Plant-Pathogen Interactions

et al. 2018

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Plant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous and multifunctional enzymes encoded by large gene families. A characteristic feature of GST genes is their high inducibility by a wide range of stress conditions including biotic stress. Early studies on the role of GSTs in plant biotic stress showed that certain GST genes are specifically up-regulated by microbial infections. Later numerous transcriptome-wide investigations proved that distinct groups of GSTs are markedly induced in the early phase of bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Proteomic investigations also confirmed the accumulation of multiple GST proteins in infected plants. Furthermore, functional studies revealed that overexpression or silencing of specific GSTs can markedly modify disease symptoms and also pathogen multiplication rates. However, very limited information is available about the exact metabolic functions of disease-induced GST isoenzymes and about their endogenous substrates. The already recognized roles of GSTs are the detoxification of toxic substances by their conjugation with glutathione, the attenuation of oxidative stress and the participation in hormone transport. Some GSTs display glutathione peroxidase activity and these GSTs can detoxify toxic lipid hydroperoxides that accumulate during infections. GSTs can also possess ligandin functions and participate in the intracellular transport of auxins. Notably, the expression of multiple GSTs is massively activated by salicylic acid and some GST enzymes were demonstrated to be receptor proteins of salicylic acid. Furthermore, induction of GST genes or elevated GST activities have often been observed in plants treated with beneficial microbes (bacteria and fungi) that induce a systemic resistance response (ISR) to subsequent pathogen infections. Further research is needed to reveal the exact metabolic functions of GST isoenzymes in infected plants and to understand their contribution to disease resistance.

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“…The epoxide moiety of trichothecenes (and their biosynthetic intermediates) is highly reactive and responsible for the biological activity of this class of molecules (Gardiner et al ., 2010). Glutathione‐S‐transferases are ubiquitous enzymes, present in all organisms; in F. graminearum , they play a role in the phase II detoxification mechanism to cope with endogenous toxins and xenobiotics (Sevastos et al ., 2017). For example, trichothecene (DON) detoxification in plants occurs through several mechanisms, one of which involves glutathione conjugation (at C‐10 of the α,β‐unsaturated ketone and the C‐13 of the epoxy group) via a glutathione‐S‐transferase (Gardiner et al ., 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of biosynthetic gene clusters by the global transcriptional regulator TRI6 in Fusarium graminearum

Shostak

Bonner

Sproule

et al. 2020

Molecular Microbiology

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In F. graminearum, the transcription factor TRI6 positively regulates the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) leading to the production of the secondary metabolite 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol. Secondary metabolites are not essential for survival, instead, they enable the pathogen to successfully infect its host. F. graminearum has the potential to produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites (SMs). However, given high functional specificity and energetic cost, most of these clusters remain silent, unless the organism is subjected to an environment conducive to SM production. Alternatively, secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMCs) can be activated by genetically manipulating their activators or repressors. In this study, a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses with a deletion and overexpressor mutants of TRI6 was used to establish the role of TRI6 in the regulation of several BGCs in F. graminearum. Evidence for direct and indirect regulation of BGCs by TRI6 was obtained by chromatin immunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid experiments. The results showed that the trichothecene genes are under direct control, while the gramillin gene cluster is indirectly controlled by TRI6 through its interaction with the pathway-specific transcription factor GRA2.

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Glutathione transferase-mediated benzimidazole-resistance in Fusarium graminearum

Cited by 15 publications

References 45 publications

Resistance mechanisms and fitness of pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from mango orchards

Resistance mechanisms and fitness of pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from mango orchards

Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymes in Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Activation of biosynthetic gene clusters by the global transcriptional regulator TRI6 in Fusarium graminearum

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