Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymes in Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Gullner, Gábor; Kőmíves, Tamás; Király, Lóránt; Schröder, Peter

doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01836

Cited by 328 publications

(275 citation statements)

References 181 publications

(233 reference statements)

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“…Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), are well known for their detoxification activity of xenobiotics and endogenous toxic compounds in fungi by their conjugation to glutathione [75,76]. A GST gene, sscle_01g005000 was highly up-regulated (182-294 fold, l2fc 7.51-8.20) in our study (Table 3).…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 53%

Transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum interaction with resistant and susceptible canola (Brassica napus) lines

et al. 2020

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Sclerotinia stem rot is an economically important disease of canola (Brassica napus) and is caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study evaluated the differential gene expression patterns of S. sclerotiorum during disease development on two canola lines differing in susceptibility to this pathogen. Sequencing of the mRNA libraries derived from inoculated petioles and mycelium grown on liquid medium generated approximately 164 million Illumina reads, including 95 million 75-bp-single reads, and 69 million 50-bp-paired end reads. Overall, 36% of the quality filter-passed reads were mapped to the S. sclerotiorum reference genome. On the susceptible line, 1301 and 1214 S. sclerotiorum genes were differentially expressed at early (8-16 hours post inoculation (hpi)) and late (24-48 hpi) infection stages, respectively, while on the resistant line, 1311 and 1335 genes were differentially expressed at these stages, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) categories associated with cell wall degradation, detoxification of host metabolites, peroxisome related activities like fatty acid ß-oxidation, glyoxylate cycle, oxidoreductase activity were significantly enriched in the up-regulated gene sets on both susceptible and resistant lines. Quantitative RT-PCR of six selected DEGs further validated the RNA-seq differential gene expression analysis. The regulation of effector genes involved in host defense suppression or evasion during the early infection stage, and the expression of effectors involved in host cell death in the late stage of infection provide supporting evidence for a two-phase infection model involving a brief biotrophic phase during early stages of infection. The findings from this study emphasize the role of peroxisome related pathways along with cell wall degradation and detoxification of host metabolites as the key mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum on B. napus.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 53%

Transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum interaction with resistant and susceptible canola (Brassica napus) lines

et al. 2020

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“…It is involved in maize glutathione-S-tranferase (GST) protein expression which plays a role in plant defense for instance biotic stress [40]. Numerous studies have shown the induction of GSTs in early stages of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections and that silencing of these GSTs could modify disease symptoms and multiplication rates [41]. This putative candidate gene could play a role in MLN resistance as these GSTs can detoxify toxic substances that accumulate during infection by their conjugation with glutathione and attenuation of oxidative stress [41]; however, more research is needed to reveal the exact relevance of the GST gene in MLN resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The OBFs bind to a family of related, 20-bp DNA promoter sequences called ocs elements which bacterial and viral pathogens use to express genes in plants [43]. Moreover, the ocs elements also regulate the transcription of GSTs which involved in plant defense responses [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Analyses and Prediction of Resistance to MLN in Large Tropical Maize Germplasm

Nyaga

Gowda

Beyene

et al. 2019

Genes

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Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), caused by co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus and sugarcane mosaic virus, can lead up to 100% yield loss. Identification and validation of genomic regions can facilitate marker assisted breeding for resistance to MLN. Our objectives were to identify marker-trait associations using genome wide association study and assess the potential of genomic prediction for MLN resistance in a large panel of diverse maize lines. A set of 1400 diverse maize tropical inbred lines were evaluated for their response to MLN under artificial inoculation by measuring disease severity or incidence and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). All lines were genotyped with genotyping by sequencing (GBS) SNPs. The phenotypic variation was significant for all traits and the heritability estimates were moderate to high. GWAS revealed 32 significantly associated SNPs for MLN resistance (at p < 1.0 × 10 −6 ). For disease severity, these significantly associated SNPs individually explained 3-5% of the total phenotypic variance, whereas for AUDPC they explained 3-12% of the total proportion of phenotypic variance. Most of significant SNPs were consistent with the previous studies and assists to validate and fine map the big quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions into few markers' specific regions. A set of putative candidate genes associated with the significant markers were identified and their functions revealed to be directly or indirectly involved in plant defense responses. Genomic prediction revealed reasonable prediction accuracies. The prediction accuracies significantly increased with increasing marker densities and training population size. These results support that MLN is a complex trait controlled by few major and many minor effect genes.

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“…Their confirmed roles in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance are due to a detoxification capacity by conjugation with glutathione, the attenuation of oxidative damage and their contribution in hormone transport. The exact metabolic functions and their contribution to disease resistance in plants, however, remain to be elucidated (66).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oregano essential oil vapour preventsPlasmopora viticolainfection in grapevine (Vitis Vinifera) by triggering autoimmune metabolic pathways

Rienth

Crovadore

Ghaffari

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The reduction of synthetic fungicides in agriculture a major challenge in maintaining sustainable production, protecting the environment and consumers’ health. Downy mildew caused by the oomycete Plasmopora viticola is the major pathogen in viticulture worldwide and responsible for up to 60% of pesticide treatments. Alternatives to reduce fungicides are thus utterly needed to ensure sustainable vineyard-ecosystems, consumer health and public acceptance. Essential oils (EOs) are amongst the most promising natural plant protection alternatives and have shown their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties on several agricultural crops. However, the efficiency of EOs highly depends on timing, application method and the molecular interactions between the host, the pathogen and EO. Despite proven EO efficiency, the underlying processes are still not understood and remain a black box. The objectives of the present study were: a) to evaluate whether a continuous fumigation of a particular EO can control downy mildew in order to circumvent the drawbacks of direct application, b) to decipher molecular mechanisms that could be triggered in the host and the pathogen by EO application and c) to try to differentiate whether essential oils directly repress the oomycete or act as plant resistance primers.A custom-made climatic chamber was used for a continuous fumigation of potted vines with different EOs during long-term experiments. The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv Chasselas was chosen in reason of its high susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola. Grapevine cuttings were infected with P. viticola. and subsequently exposed to continuous fumigation of different EOs at different concentrations, during 2 application time spans (24 hours and 10 days). Experiments were stopped when infection symptoms were clearly observed on the leaves of the control plants. Plant physiology (photosynthesis and growth rate parameters) were recorded and leaves were sampled at different time points for subsequent RNA extraction and transcriptomics analysis. Strikingly, the Oregano vulgare essential oil vapour treatment during 24h post-infection proved to be sufficient to reduce downy mildew development by 95%. Total RNA was extracted from leaves of 24h and 10d treatments and used for whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq). Sequenced reads were then mapped onto the V. vinifera and P. viticola genomes. Less than 1% of reads could be mapped onto the P. viticola genome from treated samples, whereas up to 30 % reads from the controls mapped onto the P. viticola genome, thereby confirming the visual observation of P. viticola absence in the treated plants. On average, 80 % of reads could be mapped onto the V. vinifera genome for differential expression analysis, which yielded 4800 modulated genes. Transcriptomic data clearly showed that the treatment triggered the plant’s innate immune system with genes involved in salicylic, jasmonic acid and ethylene synthesis and signaling, activating Pathogenenesis-Related-proteins as well as phytoalexin synthesis.These results elucidate EO-host-pathogen interactions for the first time and indicate that the antifungal efficiency of EO is mainly due to the triggering of resistance pathways inside the host plants. This is of major importance for the production and research on biopesticides, plant stimulation products and for resistance-breeding strategiesAuthor SummaryThe reduction of synthetic plant protection products is a major concern of modern agriculture. The oomycetePlasmopora viticolawhich causes downy mildew in grapevine is amongst the most important grapevine pests and responsible for the dispersion of huge amounts of pesticides in vineyards. Among the evaluated alternatives to reduce or replace synthetic pesticides, plant volatile compounds could represent a sustainable solution. Some plant essential oils (EOs) have already shown antifungal capacities. However, their application is often difficult in terms of the right timing of treatment, degradation, bad rainfastness, mixability and phytotoxicity.The aim of the present work was to investigate whether the vapour phase, applied by a continuous fumigation of different EOs, might inhibit the development of downy mildew on grapevine, and in case of proven efficiency, to study the induced transcriptomic changes by RNA-sequencing in an attempt to elucidate the underlaying molecular interactions. Our results showed that the vapour phases ofO. vulgareandT. vulgariswere highly efficient against the pathogen. The study of differentially expressed genes indicated that the EO vapour triggered the main mechanisms of the plant’s innate immune system such as PTI (Pattern-Triggered Immunity) and ETI (Effector Triggered immunity).For the first time these results highlight the effects of EOs vapour on plant genes expression, which is very valuable information for the development of new natural plant protection products, as well as for breeding disease resistant cultivars.

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Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymes in Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Cited by 328 publications

References 181 publications

Transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum interaction with resistant and susceptible canola (Brassica napus) lines

Transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum interaction with resistant and susceptible canola (Brassica napus) lines

Genome-Wide Analyses and Prediction of Resistance to MLN in Large Tropical Maize Germplasm

Oregano essential oil vapour preventsPlasmopora viticolainfection in grapevine (Vitis Vinifera) by triggering autoimmune metabolic pathways

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