Glutathione as an Antioxidant Defense System in Schizophrenia and Bipolar 1 Disorder

Abstract

Introduction: There is strong evidence that oxygen free radicals may play an important role in the pathophysiology of major mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Aim of the study: To detect the difference in the level of total glutathione mainly in serum sample of schizophrenic patients compared to bipolar patients and healthy control. Subject and methods: A case-control cross sectional study, the sample included thirty schizophrenic patients, 30 patients with bipolar I disorder (manic, depressive, mixed episode) compared to 30 healthy controls well matched for age, sex, educational level and marital state. Psychometric procedure: Young Mania Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating scale , Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ., Serum sample for level of glutathione. Results: there are statistically significant differences between the level of glutathione in group of schizophrenia, and group of bipolar1 disorder in comparison to control group, but no significant differences between two patients groups. There is positive significant correlation between smoking and glutathione in control group. There is significant negative correlation between glutathione and both of negative symptoms and number of hospital admissions in schizophrenia. There is significant negative correlation between glutathione and duration of illness, significant negative correlation between glutathione and aging, significant positive correlation between glutathione and (manic-mixed episode) in bipolar group. Conclusion: Decrease plasma level of glutathione in both schizophrenic and bipolar patients that indicates the role of total glutathione in pathophysiology of these disorders and it is considered as indirect bio markers for the oxidative stress theory in these patients.

Stable solid dispersion of lurasidone hydrochloride with augmented physicochemical properties for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

“…Recent past reports reveals that blockade of serotonin receptors by LH improves the dose dependent negative symptoms (somnolence, akathisia, nausea and parkinsonism)of psychoses and other side effects can be minimized by cutting off the higher dose to lower, which can easily be achieved by enhancing the bioavailability (Citrome, 2011;Madan, Pawar, & Dua, 2015;Meyer et al, 2009 (ROS) (Dean et al, 2009;Wang, Shao, Sun, & Young, 2009). The depletion in Glutathione (GSH) levels is also an major factor which contribute in the pathophysiology of psychosis and bipolar disorder (Andreazza, Wang, Salmasi, Shao, & Young, 2013;Fathy, Bayoumy, Abdel Mawla, Aladrousy, & Alhanafy, 2015;Gawryluk, Wang, Andreazza, Shao, & Young, 2011;Nucifora et al, 2017).…”

“…Moreover, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with increase in the cellular oxidative stress through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Dean et al, 2009; Wang, Shao, Sun, & Young, 2009). The depletion in Glutathione (GSH) levels is also an major factor which contribute in the pathophysiology of psychosis and bipolar disorder (Andreazza, Wang, Salmasi, Shao, & Young, 2013; Fathy, Bayoumy, Abdel Mawla, Aladrousy, & Alhanafy, 2015; Gawryluk, Wang, Andreazza, Shao, & Young, 2011; Nucifora et al, 2017).…”

Two near-infrared phosphorescent iridium(iii) complexes for the detection of GSH and photodynamic therapy

“…1,2 Abnormal levels of intracellular GSH are associated with many diseases, such as cancer, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and so on. [3][4][5][6][7] Recent reports have shown that the concentration of GSH can reach 10 mM in cancer cells, which is much higher than that in most normal cells (more than fivefold). 8,9 This fact provides an opportunity to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells and develop GSH-guided photodynamic therapy strategies.…”