Clean and safe water is a fundamental human need for multi-faceted development of society and a thriving economy. Brisk rises in populations, expanding industrialization, urbanization and extensive agriculture practices have resulted in the generation of wastewater which have not only made the water dirty or polluted, but also deadly. Millions of people die every year due to diseases communicated through consumption of water contaminated by deleterious pathogens. Although various methods for wastewater treatment have been explored in the last few decades but their use is restrained by many limitations including use of chemicals, formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), time consumption and expensiveness. Nanotechnology, manipulation of matter at a molecular or an atomic level to craft new structures, devices and systems having superior electronic, optical, magnetic, conductive and mechanical properties, is emerging as a promising technology, which has demonstrated remarkable feats in various fields including wastewater treatment. Nanomaterials encompass a high surface to volume ratio, a high sensitivity and reactivity, a high adsorption capacity, and ease of functionalization which makes them suitable for application in wastewater treatment. In this article we have reviewed the techniques being developed for wastewater treatment using nanotechnology based on adsorption and biosorption, nanofiltration, photocatalysis, disinfection and sensing technology. Furthermore, this review also highlights the fate of the nanomaterials in wastewater treatment as well as risks associated with their use.
Approximately 40 % drugs in the market are having poor aqueous solubility related problems and 70
% molecules in discovery pipeline are being practically insoluble in water. Nanocrystals is a prominent tool to
solve the issue related to poor aqueous solubility and helps in improving the bioavailability of many drugs as
reported in the literature. Nanocrystals can be prepared by top down methods, bottom up methods and combination
methods. Many patented products such as Nanocrystals®, DissoCubes®, NANOEDGE® and SmartCrystals
®, etc., are available, which are based on these three preparation methodologies. The particle size reduction
resulted into unstable nanocrystalline system and the phenomenon of Ostawald ripening occurs. This instability
issue could be resolved by using an appropriate stabilizers or combination of stabilizers. The nanosuspensions
could be transformed to the solid state to prevent particle aggregation in liquid state by employing various unit
operations such as lyophilisation, spray drying, granulation and pelletisation. These techniques are well known
for their scalability and continuous nanocrystal formation advantages. Nanocrystals can be characterized by using
scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning
calorimetry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powdered x- ray diffraction and photon correlation spectroscopy.
The downscaling of nanocrystals will enable rapid optimization of nanosuspension formulation in parallel
screening design of preclinical developmental stage drug moieties. One of the most acceptable advantages of
nanocrystals is their wide range of applicability such as oral delivery, ophthalmic delivery, pulmonary delivery,
transdermal delivery, intravenous delivery and targeting (brain and tumor targeting). The enhancement in market
value of nanocrystals as well as the amount of nanocrystal products in the market is gaining attention to be used
as an approach in order to get commercial benefits.
Background
A simple, rapid and accurate reverse phase RP-HPLC method for the validation of antitubercular drug bedaquiline fumarate (BQF) was developed. The stability and forced degradation behaviour of bedaquiline fumarate (BQF) in official dissolution media (0.01 N HCl) and methanol were assessed.
Results
The method provided linear responses within the concentration range which varies from 10 to 100 μg/mL with LOD values of 2.6 μg/mL and LOQ of 7.9 μg/mL. Mean percent recovery varied between 97.46 and 103.82% and precise mean RSD of 0.31% (repeatability) and 0.48% (intermediate precision). The method was validated for other parameters like specificity, system suitability and robustness. Potential degradation of the BQF when exposed to direct sunlight in official dissolution media was 90.75% and in methanolic stock solution was 91.98%. Acid-alkali degradation study showed 86.59% loss of BQF in 0.5 N NaOH, and in acidic environment (0.5 N HCl), there was 6.15% loss. Thermal degradation of BQF was 70.11% loss in official dissolution media at 80 °C. No significant change in drug concentrations was noted when exposed and protected from normal daylight at room temperature and at 2–8 °C temperature.
Conclusion
The developed method has significant applicability for the qualitative and quantitative determination of BQF in different pharmaceutical formulations in the official dissolution media in routine quality control analysis.
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