Glutamine-Loaded Liposomes: Preliminary Investigation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Neutrophil Viability

Costa, Larissa Chaves; Souza, Bárbara Nayane Rosário Fernandes; Almeida, Fábio Fidélis; Lagranha, Cláudia Jacques; Cadena, Pabyton Gonçalves; Santos-Magalhães, Nereide Stela; Nogueira, Mariane Cajubá de Britto Lira

doi:10.1208/s12249-015-0375-0

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 37 publications

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“…Microcirculatory alterations and mitochondrial damage, which reduce cellular energy production, have been considered a crucial mechanism of SIMD (33,34). Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in plasma and muscle tissue, and plays a major role in cell proliferation (35). It enters mitochondria primarily through the TCA cycle, which involves ammonia shuttling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring plasma metabolomic changes in sepsis: a clinical matching study based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Lin¹,

Fan²,

Zhu³

et al. 2020

Ann Transl Med

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Background: Sepsis is a deleterious systemic inflammatory response to infection, and despite advances in treatment, the mortality rate remains high. We hypothesized that plasma metabolism could clarify sepsis in patients complicated by organ dysfunction.Methods: Plasma samples from 31 patients with sepsis and 23 healthy individuals of comparable age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Plasma metabolites were detected through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and relevant metabolic pathways were predicted using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) pathway database. Student's t-test was employed for statistical analysis. In addition, to explore sepsis organ dysfunction, plasma samples of sepsis patients were further analyzed by metabolomics subgroup analysis according to organ dysfunction.Results: A total of 222 metabolites were detected, which included 124 metabolites with statistical significance between the sepsis and control groups. Among these, we found 26 were fatty acids, including 3 branched fatty acids, 10 were saturated fatty acids, and 13 were unsaturated fatty acids that were found in sepsis plasma samples but not in the controls. In addition, 158 metabolic pathways were predicted, 74 of which were significant. Further subgroup analysis identified seven metabolites in acute kidney injury (AKI), three metabolites in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), seven metabolites in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD), and four metabolites in acute hepatic ischemia (AHI) that were significantly different. The results showed that the sepsis samples exhibited extensive changes in amino acids, fatty acids, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle products. In addition, three metabolic pathways-namely, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism-were downregulated in sepsis patients. Conclusions:The downregulated energy, amino acid, and lipid metabolism found in our study may serve as a novel clinical marker for the dysregulated internal environment, particularly involving energy metabolism, which results in sepsis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring plasma metabolomic changes in sepsis: a clinical matching study based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Lin¹,

Fan²,

Zhu³

et al. 2020

Ann Transl Med

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Facile L-Glutamine delivery to erythrocytes via DOPC-DPPG mixed liposomes

Alp

Öztaş

2021

Journal of Liposome Research

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Preparation of L-Glutamine Loaded Liposomes for Drug Delivery to Erythrocytes

Öztaş

Alp

2020

J. Hematol. Res.

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Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a mortal chronic disease caused by a point mutation in the ? chain gene in the hemoglobin A (HbA) molecule. Erythrocyte polymerization in SCD is mostly seen as a result of the decrease in the amount of ions and water in the cell, i.e. dehydration and deoxygenation of erythrocytes. Deoxygenated and dehydrated erythrocytes become susceptible to clustering, causing clogging of blood vessels which then leads to crisis. Therefore, development of a new treatment method that can effectively prevent deoxygenation of erythrocytes or reduce the oxidative stress of sickle erythrocytes is one of the important issues. The aim of this study is to obtain a new lipid-based drug delivery system that will further be used for decreasing the oxidative stress of sickle erythrocytes. For the purpose, in this study, L-Glutamine (L-Gln) loaded liposomal drug delivery system composed of L-?-Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is prepared. Also, effect of encapsulated amount of L-Gln in liposomes is investigated. Liposomes are prepared via thin-film rehydration method. Characterizations of liposomes are implemented with pH measurements, zeta potential and size measurements. Erythrocytes and liposomes are incubated at 37ºC for 1 and 3 hours. Interactions between the erythrocytes and liposomes are investigated via optical microscopy and hemolysis experiments. The size and zeta potential of unloaded PI liposomes are determined as 89.01 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.438 and -23.4 ± 1.5 mV, respectively. Sizes of L-Gln loaded liposomes are obtained as 126.7, 148.6 and 197.2 nm for 20 mM, 40 mM and 60 mM of L-Gln, respectively. From the optical microscopy images, it is determined that as incubation period of erythrocytes and liposomes are increased, more liposomes are interacted with erythrocytes. Also, as L-Gln amount is increased within the liposomes, it was observed that erythrocytes preserve their morphology. Overall, with this study, it can be concluded that L-Glutamine loaded liposomes can be used as a new drug delivery platform for erythrocytes. Moreover, the results of this study provide preliminary steps and promising results for design and development of a lipid-based drug carrier system to be used in the treatment of specific erythrocyte-based diseases such as sickle-cell disease.

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Glutamine-Loaded Liposomes: Preliminary Investigation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Neutrophil Viability

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Exploring plasma metabolomic changes in sepsis: a clinical matching study based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Exploring plasma metabolomic changes in sepsis: a clinical matching study based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Facile L-Glutamine delivery to erythrocytes via DOPC-DPPG mixed liposomes

Preparation of L-Glutamine Loaded Liposomes for Drug Delivery to Erythrocytes

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