Glucosinolates and the clubroot disease: defense compounds or auxin precursors?

Abstract

The clubroot disease is caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae and is one of the most damaging for the family of Brassicaceae. Since many economically important crops belong to this plant family, the understanding of mechanisms how the disease is developing, are of high importance. Glucosinolates, a group of secondary plant products in the family of Brassicaceae, have long been associated with clubroot disease symptoms. Measurements showed that several glucosinolates are induced in root galls. While aliphatic glucosinolates are regarded as defense compounds, analysis of Brassica cultivars as well as Arabidopsis thaliana mutants provided correlative evidence between disease severity and indole glucosinolate content. The latter have been discussed as precursors for auxin biosynthesis. Since high auxin levels are associated with large root galls, indole glucosinolates could contribute directly or indirectly to the extent of disease development. Transcriptome and proteome experiments have revealed evidence for the involvement of genes from the glucosinolate and auxin pathway in gall formation. These data have been complemented by expression and mutant analysis. It can be concluded that regulation of glucosinolate and IAA biosynthesis might differ in Brassica and Arabidopsis.

Indole glucosinolate breakdown and its biological effects

“…Consistent with this hypothesis, comparison of P. brassicae infection of two resistant and two susceptible B. campestris varieties showed that indole glucosinolate production was induced only in the susceptible varieties (Table 4, Ludwig-Müller et al 1997). P. brassicae interactions with crucifers are described in more detail in another review in this issue (Ludwig-Mueller 2008).…”

Soybean Metabolites Regulated in Root Hairs in Response to the Symbiotic BacteriumBradyrhizobium japonicum

“…Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites that function in plant defense against insects and pathogens (Hopkins et al, 2009;van Dam et al, 2009). Indole glucosinolate was also suggested to be a precursor of auxin (Ludwig-Muller, 2009), a hormone implicated in nodule development (Mathesius, 2008).…”

Variation of glucosinolates in three edible parts of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra Bailey) varieties

“…It is a rich source of vitamin C and bioactive compounds, such as glucosinolates. The glucosinolates in Brassica crops have been widely investigated, in particular in broccoli, cauliflower, kale, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, turnip, radish and rocket (Baik et al, 2003;Cartea, Velasco, Obregón, Padilla, & Haro, 2008;Charron, Saxton, & Sams, 2005;Jia et al, 2009;Kim & Ishii, 2006;Kushad, Cloyd, & Babadoost, 2004;Ludwig-Müller, 2009;Padilla, Cartea, Velasco, Haro, & Ordás, 2007;Vallejo, Tomás-Barberán, & García-Viguera, 2002;Xu, Guo, Yuan, Yuan, & Wang, 2006). However, only limited information is available for the glucosinolates in Chinese kale.…”