Glucose Determination by a Single 1535 nm Pulsed Photoacoustic Technique: A Multiple Calibration for the External Factors

Abstract

Photoacoustic spectroscopy has been proved to be a potential method for noninvasive blood glucose detection. We used 1535 nm pulsed laser to excite photoacoustic signal in glucose solution and then explored the influence of different glucose concentration on photoacoustic signal to analyze the sensitivity of photoacoustic signal to glucose at this wavelength. We designed a simple photoacoustic cell structure, which used a focused ultrasonic transducer to receive signals, so as to reduce signal attenuation. In terms of the results, we have found that for high-concentration glucose solutions, the results have strong linearity and discrimination, and when the concentration is close to the human body level, the signal difference is not so obvious. Therefore, we explore the external factors affecting the photoacoustic signal in detail and propose a calibration method. Through calibration, the signal generated by the low-concentration glucose solution also has a good linearity.

Review of Noninvasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Diabetics

“…(ii) PAS glucose detection instrument and process. Reprinted with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 HINDAWI Ltd.…”

“…After the light source of a specific wavelength hits the sample, the measured medium in the sample is heated and expanded to generate ultrasonic waves (Figure 5i). 118 There are two categories of excitation forms for light sources, pulsed laser (Figure 5ii) 119 and continuous wave. Strong PA signals can be produced by pulsed photoacoustic spectrum, but the requirements of the pulsed light source are strict.…”

Quantitative blood glucose detection influenced by various factors based on the fusion of photoacoustic temporal spectroscopy with deep convolutional neural networks

“…Besides, their results showed that in vivo spectroscopic glucose monitoring is sensitive to the skin condition with significant inhomogeneities and the probing area. Yang [ 15 ] utilized 1535 nm pulsed laser to excite photoacoustic signal in glucose solution and explored the influence of different glucose concentration on photoacoustic signal. At the same time, the external factors affecting the photoacoustic signal, such as laser energy, liquid temperature and detection distance were explored, and a calibration method was also proposed.…”