Glucagon-like peptide-1: a potent regulator of food intake in humans

Gutzwiller, Jean‐Pierre; Göke, Burkhard; Drewe, Jürgen; Hildebrand, Pius; Ketterer, Sylvia; Handschin, D; Winterhalder, Ralph; Conen, David; Beglinger, Christoph

doi:10.1136/gut.44.1.81

Cited by 498 publications

(312 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…9,10 Endogenous release or intraperitoneal GLP-1R agonist delivery triggers a set of responses that include reduced food intake, [11][12][13][14] inhibition of gastric emptying, 9,14 stimulation of glucosedependent insulin secretion 15,16 and tachycardia. [17][18][19][20][21] GLP-1R ligand is also supplied by proglucagon-expressing neurons of the caudal brainstem that project to GLP-1Rs, which are distributed throughout the brain.…”

Section: Glp-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

The nucleus tractus solitarius: a portal for visceral afferent signal processing, energy status assessment and integration of their combined effects on food intake

2009

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For humans and animal models alike there is general agreement that the central nervous system processing of gastrointestinal (GI) signals arising from ingested food provides the principal determinant of the size of meals and their frequency. Despite this, relatively few studies are aimed at delineating the brain circuits, neurochemical pathways and intracellular signals that mediate GI-stimulation-induced intake inhibition. Two additional motivations to pursue these circuits and signals have recently arisen. First, the success of gastric-bypass surgery in obesity treatment is highlighting roles for GI signals such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in intake and energy balance control. Second, accumulating data suggest that the intakereducing effects of leptin may be mediated through an amplification of the intake-inhibitory effects of GI signals. Experiments reviewed show that: (1) the intake-suppressive effects of a peripherally administered GLP-1 receptor agonist is mediated by caudal brainstem neurons and that forebrain-hypothalamic neural processing is not necessary for this effect; (2) a population of medial nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons that are responsive to gastric distention is also driven by leptin; (3) caudal brainstem-targeted leptin amplifies the food-intake-inhibitory effects of gastric distention and intestinal nutrient stimulation; (4) adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in NTS-enriched brain lysates is elevated by food deprivation and reduced by refeeding and (5) the intake-suppressive effect of hindbrain-directed leptin is reversed by elevating hindbrain AMPK activity. Overall, data support the view that the NTS and circuits within the hindbrain mediate the intake inhibition of GI signals, and that the effects of leptin on food intake result from the amplification of GI signal processing.

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Section: Glp-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

The nucleus tractus solitarius: a portal for visceral afferent signal processing, energy status assessment and integration of their combined effects on food intake

2009

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“…CCK analysis used Phoenix Peptidese RIA (RK-069-04) for CCK octapeptide (CCK [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The standard RIA protocol was applied but without extraction of the peptides before the assay.…”

Section: Clinical Indicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oat β-glucan supplementation does not enhance the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet in overweight women

et al. 2009

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Epidemiological evidence shows an inverse relationship between dietary fibre intake and body weight gain. Oat b-glucan, a soluble fibre alters appetite hormones and subjective satiety in acute meal test studies, but its effects have not been demonstrated with chronic consumption. The present study aimed to test the effects in women of two different doses of oat b-glucan on weight loss and hormones associated with appetite regulation. In a 3-month parallel trial, sixty-six overweight females were randomised into one of three 2 MJ energy-deficit diets: a control and two interventions including 5 -6 g or 8 -9 g b-glucan. Anthropometric and metabolic variables (blood glucose level, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), LDL, HDL, TAG and leptin), together with markers of appetite regulation (cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and PYY 3-36 ) were measured at baseline and at 3 months. After 3 months, all groups lost weight (P,0·001) and showed a reduced waist circumference (P,0·001). The study sample also showed reductions in TC, LDL, HDL, leptin, PYY, GLP-1 values (all P, 0·001) and an increase in CCK levels (P,0·001). No significant differences were noted between the groups for all outcome values except PYY levels (P¼ 0·018). In broad terms, the addition of oat b-glucan did not enhance the effect of energy restriction on weight loss in mildly overweight women, although wide variations in observed results suggests that individual responsiveness may be an issue. b-D-Glucan: Weight loss: Weight control: Appetite hormonesLarge bodies of epidemiological data show an inverse relationship between dietary fibre intake and body weight (1 -5) so that the logic and simplicity of including fibre in an energy-controlled diet remains tantalising. As a component of food, fibres are found in a fermentable (soluble) or non-fermentable (insoluble) form, but early research has been unable to show benefits from including either form in short term (3 -4 weeks) ad libitum diets (6) . This was also the case when the form of fibre was mixed linkage b-glucan, a soluble fibre delivered by oats (7) , well recognised for its cholesterol (8) and glucose lowering (9) actions. In order to better expose the advantages apparent from epidemiological studies, more work is required in understanding the physical features of fibre, the food delivery system, and how these may work together to affect mechanisms associated with weight management, such as satiety, particularly over longer periods of time.It is accepted that soluble fibre, by its viscous nature will not only increase upper gastrointestinal transit time, but also stimulate cholecystokinin (CCK) that will increase peristalsis (10) . The effects of other hormones are less clear, but the ileal brake formed by undigested foods in the distal gut (occurring with high fibre foods), in addition to the fermentation of soluble fibres in the large bowel are all seen as positive benefits of fibre. Meal studies are able to expose these mechanisms of action. This i...

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“…The potential role of GLP-1 in the regulation of appetite and food intake (Flint et al, 1998;Gutzwiller et al, 1999) and the potential role of GLP-1 and GIP of lipid metabolism (Thomsen et al, 1999) have been investigated recently. A positive correlation between the postprandial GIP response and the subjective satiety sensation was observed in healthy normal weight subjects (Raben et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) response but similar glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glycaemic, and insulinaemic response to ancient wheat compared to modern wheat depends on processing

et al. 2003

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Glucagon-like peptide-1: a potent regulator of food intake in humans

Cited by 498 publications

References 36 publications

The nucleus tractus solitarius: a portal for visceral afferent signal processing, energy status assessment and integration of their combined effects on food intake

The nucleus tractus solitarius: a portal for visceral afferent signal processing, energy status assessment and integration of their combined effects on food intake

Oat β-glucan supplementation does not enhance the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet in overweight women

Lower glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) response but similar glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glycaemic, and insulinaemic response to ancient wheat compared to modern wheat depends on processing

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