Globalized anti-blackness: Transnationalizing Western immigration law, policy, and practice

Abstract

The racial category "black" is not merely an excluded category in a history of documented Western preference for "white" immigrants. Comparative historical evidence shows clear strategies to keep black persons out of First World nations, except as temporary labour. In this climate, black migration occurs partly because each nation has an ambivalent relationship to the black labourers, soldiers and seamen who offer their service expecting membership in the polity in return. Finding such membership objectionable, Western governments individually avoid black immigration. They also watch, imitate, and respond to each other's admission policies vis-à-vis blacks to ensure each limits the size of the black population they "welcome" relative to the other nations. When seen as a policy corpus , these actions may be interpreted as an anti-black immigration policy operative on a global scale. This article theorizes a transnationalization of racialized (anti-black) immigration policy in the histories of the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.

Racial Formation in Perspective: Connecting Individuals, Institutions, and Power Relations

“…Other research along these lines examines the adoption of specific policies and legislation as mechanisms of maintaining the racial order in a given society. Examples of such efforts include attempts to regulate interracial intimacy through state-level antimiscegenation laws in the United States (Nagel 2000, Pascoe 2009 as well as both explicit and implicit national policies on immigration in numerous countries around the world (Bashi 2004, Calavita 2007. As a result of women's roles in "reproducing" races and nations, feminist scholars add that racial projects around identity, "mixing," and citizenship are often gendered, as well (Dorr 1999, Luibheid 2004, Vacante 2007.…”

Avatars of Whiteness: Racial Expression in Video Game Characters

“…I chose to focus on the United States to provide a specific racial context within which to examine these issues, as racial perceptions can of course vary between soci-AVATARS OF WHITENESS 99 eties. That being said, however, research has shown that anti-black prejudice is a global phenomenon (Bashi 2004;Coates 2006;Russell 1998;Sato 2002) and as such the implications discussed within this article will most likely apply to non-American contexts as well. 6 Many games allowed selection of human or non-human (e.g., elf, orc, etc.)…”

Exploring the Enigmatic Link between Religion and Anti‐Black Attitudes

“…Anti‐Blackness can be found on every inhabited continent in the world (e.g., Bashi, ). In the contemporary United States, a society that has been dubbed by some as post‐racial, conscious and unconscious racial biases persist across a variety of domains such as policing, hiring decisions, jury decision making, predatory lending practices, and physician/patient interactions, just to name a few (e.g., Cooper et al, ; Eberhardt, Davies, Purdie‐Vaughns, & Johnson, ; Goff, Jackson, Di Leone, Culotta, & DiTomasso, ; Sommers & Marotta, ).…”