Global trends and gaps in research related to latent tuberculosis infection

Chaw, Liling; Chien, Lung-Chang; Wong, Justin; Takahashi, Ken; Koh, David; Lin, Ro-Ting

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8419-0

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The aim of this strategy was to reduce the mortality and incidence rates of TB by 90% and 80%, respectively, in 2025 from those reported in 2015 and aim for further reduction by 95% and 90% in 2035, respectively (Stop TB Partnership, 2015). Currently, the global incidence of TB is declining at an average rate of about 2% per year, which is not fast enough to reach the target of a 17% annual decline from 2025 to 2035 set by the End TB Strategy (Stop TB Partnership, 2015;Chaw et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Active Tuberculosis: A Key to a Successful Tuberculosis Control Strategy

Gong

2021

Front. Microbiol.

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As an ancient infectious disease, tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent worldwide. Latent TB infection (LTBI) has been recognized as the largest source of new TB cases and is one of the biggest obstacles to achieving the aim of the End TB Strategy. The latest data indicate that a considerable percentage of the population with LTBI and the lack of differential diagnosis between LTBI and active TB (aTB) may be potential reasons for the high TB morbidity and mortality in countries with high TB burdens. The tuberculin skin test (TST) has been used to diagnose TB for > 100 years, but it fails to distinguish patients with LTBI from those with aTB and people who have received Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination. To overcome the limitations of TST, several new skin tests and interferon-gamma release assays have been developed, such as the Diaskintest, C-Tb skin test, EC-Test, and T-cell spot of the TB assay, QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube, QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus, LIAISON QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus test, and LIOFeron TB/LTBI. However, these methods cannot distinguish LTBI from aTB. To investigate the reasons why all these methods cannot distinguish LTBI from aTB, we have explained the concept and definition of LTBI and expounded on the immunological mechanism of LTBI in this review. In addition, we have outlined the research status, future directions, and challenges of LTBI differential diagnosis, including novel biomarkers derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hosts, new models and algorithms, omics technologies, and microbiota.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Active Tuberculosis: A Key to a Successful Tuberculosis Control Strategy

Gong

2021

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is a complex disease which affects populations disproportionately and results from a multifactorial interaction between host and pathogen (Yim and Selvaraj, 2010). It is often said that approximately 5-10% of infected individuals (±3 billion people worldwide) will go on to develop active TB whilst the majority will remain asymptomatic (Bañuls et al, 2015;El Kamel et al, 2015;Chaw et al, 2020). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 10 million TB cases and 1.5 million deaths were reported in 2019 (WHO, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Ancestry Adjusted Allelic Association Analysis Robustly Captures Tuberculosis Susceptibility Loci

et al. 2021

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Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a complex disease. The risk of developing active TB is in part determined by host genetic factors. Most genetic studies investigating TB susceptibility fail to replicate association signals particularly across diverse populations. South African populations arose because of multi-wave genetic admixture from the indigenous KhoeSan, Bantu-speaking Africans, Europeans, Southeast Asian-and East Asian populations. This has led to complex genetic admixture with heterogenous patterns of linkage disequilibrium and associated traits. As a result, precise estimation of both global and local ancestry is required to prevent both false positive and false-negative associations. Here, 820 individuals from South Africa were genotyped on the SNP-dense Illumina Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array (∼1.7M SNPs) followed by local and global ancestry inference using RFMix. Local ancestry adjusted allelic association (LAAA) models were utilized owing to the extensive genetic heterogeneity present in this population. Hence, an interaction term, comprising the identification of the minor allele that corresponds to the ancestry present at the specific locus under investigation, was included as a covariate. One SNP (rs28647531) located on chromosome 4q22 was significantly associated with TB susceptibility and displayed a SNP minor allelic effect (G allele, frequency = 0.204) whilst correcting for local ancestry for Bantu-speaking African ancestry (p-value = 5.518 × 10−7; OR = 3.065; SE = 0.224). Although no other variants passed the significant threshold, clear differences were observed between the lead variants identified for each ancestry. Furthermore, the LAAA model robustly captured the source of association signals in multi-way admixed individuals from South Africa and allowed the identification of ancestry-specific disease risk alleles associated with TB susceptibility that have previously been missed.

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“…Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains global health problem with high morbidity and mortality (https://www. who.int/tb/publications/global-framework-research/en/) (1). Governing TB infection, challenges stagnantly encounters an emerging issue of drug-resistant strains, development of new therapeutics, an urgent need for intervention of latent TB immune response of Mtb infection deprived of clinical symptom of active TB (https://www.who.int/tb/publications/ global_report/en/).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Roles of Chemokines in Immune Response to Mycobacterial Infection

Paik

Yang

Suh

et al. 2020

jbv

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Tuberculosis (TB), a global and deadly infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is manifested with host immune reaction. The balanced regulation between protective immune and pathologic inflammatory responses is critical to control progression to TB. Chemokines are a large family of cytokines that play an essential role for chemotaxis of immune and inflammatory cells to the sites of infection. Numerous chemokines including CXCL10 were reported as potential biomarkers of various stages of TB infection. In addition, several chemokines and their receptors play as key players to coordinate host immune defense as innate effectors and mediators of adaptive immune responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that some chemokines, if uncontrolled, are associated with host pathological inflammation during infection. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding which chemokines have potentials as diagnostic markers. In addition, we focus the roles and mechanisms by which chemokines and their receptors are involved in both host immune protection and pathology during TB infection. The controlled activation of chemokine system will determine the coordinated biological outcomes of innate immune responses during pathogenic infection.

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Global trends and gaps in research related to latent tuberculosis infection

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Differential Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Active Tuberculosis: A Key to a Successful Tuberculosis Control Strategy

Differential Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Active Tuberculosis: A Key to a Successful Tuberculosis Control Strategy

Local Ancestry Adjusted Allelic Association Analysis Robustly Captures Tuberculosis Susceptibility Loci

The Roles of Chemokines in Immune Response to Mycobacterial Infection

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