The Roles of Chemokines in Immune Response to Mycobacterial Infection

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB), a global and deadly infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is manifested with host immune reaction. The balanced regulation between protective immune and pathologic inflammatory responses is critical to control progression to TB. Chemokines are a large family of cytokines that play an essential role for chemotaxis of immune and inflammatory cells to the sites of infection. Numerous chemokines including CXCL10 were reported as potential biomarkers of various stages of TB infection. In addition, several chemokines and their receptors play as key players to coordinate host immune defense as innate effectors and mediators of adaptive immune responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that some chemokines, if uncontrolled, are associated with host pathological inflammation during infection. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding which chemokines have potentials as diagnostic markers. In addition, we focus the roles and mechanisms by which chemokines and their receptors are involved in both host immune protection and pathology during TB infection. The controlled activation of chemokine system will determine the coordinated biological outcomes of innate immune responses during pathogenic infection.

Plasma chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL9 as potential diagnostic markers of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis

“…Our results demonstrated two main findings: (i) differential levels between groups (moderate increase in LTB, high in DS-TB, and extremely high in DR-TB) compared to HC and (ii) chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL9 and CXCL1) as the promising biomarker signature. These findings correlate with the previous postulations as both CXCL10 and CXCL9 and their elevated levels has been considered as potent diagnostic markers for both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB 2 , 25 , 30 , 31 .…”

“…Chemokines are the kick-starters of innate and adaptive immune responses by their chemotactic effects 1 , 2 . Numerous animal studies delineated the host protective and detrimental responses of chemokine ligands and their receptors during tuberculosis (TB).…”

Systemic prime exacerbates the ocular immune response to heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…In this study, many of the inflammatory cytokines that would be expected as part of an innate response to Mtb such as Il-6, IL-1α and Il-1β and TNF-α, and were found in the vitreous, and that in primed vitreous the concentrations were generally higher than in unprimed vitreous ( Paik et al, 2020 ; Cooper et al, 2011 ). In human eyes with presumed TB associated uveitis, and chronic idiopathic uveitis, many of the same cytokines that were identified in this study including IP-10, IL-12, VEGF, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β have been identified ( Errera et al, 2022 ; Curnow et al, 2005 ; El-Asrar et al, 2011 ; Xu et al, 2020 ; Nagata et al, 2012 ; Chen et al, 2015 ; Zhao et al, 2015 ; Fukunaga et al, 2020 ).…”