“…(Talbert, 2012), has its origins in the 1997 works of Mazur (Bergmann, 2012, Crouch & Mazur, 2001, King, 1993. 'Flipping' can be characterised under various pedagogical approaches based on substantial discourse including action learning (Burns, 2012;Critz & Knight, 2013); transformative learning (Brookfield, 1987;Mezirow, 2003), blended learning (Engel, 2014;Jokinen & Mikkonen, 2013) and problem based learning (Bonnes et al, 2017;Castelo-Branco et al, 2016).…”