Global, regional, and national trends in opioid analgesic consumption from 2015 to 2019: a longitudinal study

Monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion protein biologic medicines: A multinational cross-sectional investigation of accessibility and affordability in Asia Pacific regions between 2010 and 2020

“…As reported in other drug consumption studies, country income measured by GDP per capita and percentage of healthcare expenditure accounting for overall governmental expenditure are the most significant drivers of novel treatment access. 12 , 27 Potentially, the lower biologics access for people living in LMIE lies on several individual and health system aspects. First, the low individual affordability for high medical expense due to country development and economic level.…”

Overdose, opioid treatment admissions and prescription opioid pain reliever relationships: United States, 2010–2019

“…2021 MME per capita use declined to 309 ( 19 ), a level last seen in 2000, while the over 55 population with its age-related health conditions increased by 40 million since then and COVID care has required “high demand.” “Forty-seven states and the District of Columbia have laws that set time or dosage limits for controlled substances ( 20 ).” “All 50 states have established prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) ( 21 )” to collect and surveil doctor, patient, and dispensed medication information. Since 2009, U.S. morphine milligram equivalents per 1,000 inhabitants per day (MID) declined by 48% from second in the world ( 22 ) to third in 2019 ( 23 ).…”

Closing the global pain divide: balancing access and excess

“… 1 In an accompanying Article published in The Lancet Public Health , Chengsheng Ju and colleagues contribute evidence that supports the Commission’s findings: between 2015 and 2019, disparities in opioid analgesic distribution persisted, despite small increases in regional and global opioid distribution, reflecting the inadequate access to opioid analgesics in countries with a low consumption. 2 …”

“…For instance, weak opioids such as tramadol are typically excluded from empirical analyses because they are unscheduled and data are scarce. 2 , 10 Yet tramadol is sometimes the only opioid available in LMICs. Methadone, a strong opioid, is a viable cancer pain treatment per international recommendations, yet it is also discounted from global opioid studies because the medical indication (maintenance therapy for opioid addiction vs pain management requiring long-acting opioid therapy) is unclear within existing datasets.…”