Global Profiling of Urinary Mercapturic Acids Using Integrated Library-Guided Analysis

Abstract

Urinary mercapturic acids (MAs) are often used as biomarkers for monitoring human exposures to occupational and environmental xenobiotics. In this study, we developed an integrated library-guided analysis workflow using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This method includes expanded assignment criteria and a curated library of 220 MAs and addresses the shortcomings of previous untargeted approaches. We employed this workflow to profile MAs in the urine of 70 participants - 40 nonsmokers and 30 smokers. We found approximately 500 MA candidates in each urine sample, and 116 MAs from 63 precursors were putatively annotated. These include 29 previously unreported MAs derived mostly from alkenals and hydroxyalkenals. Levels of 68 MAs were comparable in nonsmokers and smokers, 2 MAs were higher in nonsmokers, and 46 MAs were elevated in smokers. These included MAs of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and hydroxyalkenals and those derived from toxicants present in cigarette smoke (e.g., acrolein, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylamide, benzene, and toluene). Our workflow allowed profiling of known and unreported MAs from endogenous and environmental sources, and the levels of several MAs were increased in smokers. Our method can also be expanded and applied to other exposure-wide association studies.