Global fast-traveling tsunamis by atmospheric pressure waves on the 2022 Tonga eruption

Abstract

Please note this manuscript is a non-peer reviewed EarthArXiv preprint and has not formally been accepted for publication.

Ocean-wave phenomenon around Japan Island due to the 2022 Tonga eruption observed by the wide and dense ocean-bottom pressure gauge networks

“…The rst atmospheric disturbance R1 is expected to be Lamb waves, an acoustic mode of air waves with a propagation velocity of approximately 300 m/s (Lamb 1932;Nishida et al 2014). Kubota et al (2022) clari ed through a global simulation that the atmospheric pressure disturbance of Lamb waves generated by the 2022 Tonga eruption forcibly induced the uplift of sea-surface and that a superposition of the atmospheric pressure change by the Lamb waves and the induced sea surface change was observed by ocean-bottom pressure gauge as ocean-bottom pressure. This can explain the similar waveform and arrival time in the rst disturbance for atmospheric pressure and ocean-bottom pressure.…”

“…5). Kubota et al (2022) suggested that after the arrival of ocean waves due to Lamb waves, ocean gravity waves arrived with theoretically expected tsunami arrival time. These waves originated from various factors such as subsidence ocean waves compensating for uplift by Lamb waves, ocean waves displaced by atmospheric gravity waves and their resonances, and tsunamis directly caused by crustal deformation near the volcano induced by the eruption.…”

“…1b and A3) roughly corresponded to the arrival time of the second synchronous disturbance of atmospheric pressure and ocean-bottom pressure. Owing to the resonance effect between the atmospheric pressure waves and the ocean waves, in which their propagation velocities are close to each other (Proudman 1929), the amplitude of ocean-bottom water pressure disturbance caused by atmospheric gravity waves increases with propagation distance r at a rate of ~ r 1/2 (Kubota et al 2022). Meanwhile, the amplitudes of tsunamis caused by crustal deformation and waveforms due to Lamb waves decrease at a rate of ~ r -1/2 because of the geometrical spreading effect.…”

“…Tonga eruption, ocean waves and atmospheric waves were observed worldwide, and their correlation has been highlighted (Global Volcanism Program 2022;Kubota et al 2022). Following the Krakatoa eruption in 1883, correlated disturbances of tide gauge and atmospheric pressure were also observed (Symons 1888; Ewing and Press 1955) and these observations were expected to have been caused by the coupling of ocean and air waves(Press and Harkrider 1966;Harkrider and Press 1967;Garrett 1970;Francis 1985).…”

Magnetic Signatures of the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai Volcanic Eruption

“…As shown by Kubota et al. (2022), the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption's atmospheric acoustic waves deformed the sea surface so that tsunami‐like water level variations occurred hours before the actual tsunami water wave arrived. Undoubtedly, these acoustic waves also caused ionospheric disturbances.…”