Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars

Holmberg, Kenneth; Andersson, Peter; Erdemir, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022

Cited by 1,222 publications

(702 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…However, in recent years, the industry has made large strides in improving energy consumption by lowering friction in passenger cars, trucks and buses [1,2]. The turbocharged, direct-injection spark ignition engine with downsizing is one of the technical solutions that have been used in the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of automotive engine friction and reduction trends–Effects of surface, material, and lubricant-additive technologies

Wong

Tung²

2016

Friction

244

140

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Abstract:The increasing global environmental awareness, evidenced by recent worldwide calls for control of climate change and greenhouse emissions, has placed significant new technical mandates for automotives to improve engine efficiency, which is directly related to the production of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Reduction of parasitic losses of the vehicle, powertrain and the engine systems is a key component of energy conservation. For engine efficiency improvement, various approaches include improvements in advanced combustion systems, component system design and handling-such as down-sizing, boosting, and electrification-as well as waste heat recovery systems etc. Among these approaches, engine friction reduction is a key and relatively cost-effective approach, which has been receiving significant attention from tribologists and lubricant-lubrication engineers alike. In this paper, the fundamentals of friction specific to the environments of engine components tribology are reviewed, together with discussions on the impact of developing vehicle powertrain technologies, surface and material technologies, as well as lubricant and additive technologies on promises of continuing friction and wear reduction trends. The international accords on climate change require further gains in fuel efficiency and energy sustainability from all industry sectors including those in the automotive and the broader internal combustion engine industries, and the latter encompass off-highway, power generation, marine, and rail industries as well. This paper focsuses on friction reduction in mainly automotive engines, however.The paper starts with a clarification of the common descriptors of mechanical losses and friction in the engine, followed by the topic of lubrication fundamentals such as lubrication regimes. Then the lubrication of the contacting surfaces in each of the major engine subsystems is discussed in turn. These subsystems include the piston assembly: ring-pack/liner, piston-skirt/liner, and piston-pin/connecting-rod contacts; connecting rod and crankshaft bearings; and the valvetrain subsystem. The relative contributions to total friction from the various subsystems are discussed, with the piston-assembly contributing to about half of the total friction. The remainder of the friction comes from the crankshaft, connecting rod, camshaft bearings, and the valvetrain oscillating parts. The bearings are in predominantly hydrodynamic lubrication, in contrast to the valvetrain oscillating components, which are characterized to be mostly in the mixed/boundary lubrication regimes.Despite the title of the paper, a section on emerging powertrain technologies-including that of combustion in gasoline and diesel engines-is also given in the context of the trend towards clean and efficient propulsion systems. The impact of these developing technologies on the reduction of friction and parasitic losses via component, material, and lubricant deisgn will be discussed. These technologies include gasoline direct injection (GD...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of automotive engine friction and reduction trends–Effects of surface, material, and lubricant-additive technologies

Wong

Tung²

2016

Friction

244

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In practical operational conditions, friction and wear expend a large proportion of energy as well as damage instrument and apparatus [1,2]. Lubrication is the essential means to reduce friction and wear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oil-soluble ionic liquids as antiwear and extreme pressure additives in poly-α-olefin for steel/steel contacts

Huang

et al. 2017

Friction

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Abstract:To enhance the lubricating and extreme pressure (EP) performance of base oils, two types of oil-soluble ionic liquids (ILs) with similar anion albeit dissimilar cations were synthesized. The physical properties of the prepared ILs were measured. The anticorrosion properties of ILs were assessed by conducting corrosion tests on steel discs and copper strips, which revealed the remarkable anticorrosion properties of the ILs in comparison with those of the commercial additive zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). The tribological properties of the two ILs as additives for poly-α-olefin-10 (PAO10) with various mass concentrations were investigated. The tribological test results indicate that these ILs as additives are capable of reducing friction and wear of sliding contacts remarkably as well as enhance the EP performance of blank PAO10. Under similar test conditions, these IL additives exhibit higher lubricating and anti-wear (AW) performances than those of ZDDP based additive package in PAO10. Subsequently, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were conducted to study the lubricating mechanism of the two ILs. The results indicate that the formation of tribochemical film plays the most crucial role in enhancing the lubricating and AW behavior of the mixture lubricants.

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“…In recent years, tribological investigations on mechanical components for internal combustion engine have received increasing demands for friction reduction and long-term durability responding to address environmental issues [1]. Lubricants and coating technologies played important roles for improvement of performance of internal combustion engine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction and Wear Properties of Tetrahedral Si-Containing Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon Coating under Lubricated Condition with Engine-Oil Containing ZnDTP and MoDTC

Komori

Umehara

2017

Tribology Online

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In this study, we investigated tribological properties of "tetrahedral" Si-containing hydrogenated DLC coating (TMS coating) during sliding against steel or cast-iron lubricated with engine-oil containing MoDTC and ZnDTP additives. TMS coatings derived from only tetramethylsilane were prepared using PACVD with high-bias process. TMS coating had the highly carbon sp 3 bonded structure induced by Si (over 20 at.%) with high hydrogen content (30 at.%). TOF-SIMS analysis showed that TMS coating could form the additive-derived tribofilm on both of the non-ferrous coating surface and the ferrous counter surface to promote Mo-sulfide formation effectively, leading a low friction coefficient. The tribo-chemical reactions were related not only to Mo-sulfides formation, but also reduction of Mo-oxides. Mo-oxides could react with DLC material and induce hydrogen evolution and transformation into further weak carbon structure, causing an increasing wear of hydrogenated DLCs. TMS coating showed no significant wear in spite of plenty hydrogen content. Si induced sp 3 bond and could act so as not to induce clustering of the sp 2 phase. This could inhibit increasing wear of the DLC in the presence of MoDTC. The effectiveness of TMS coating in friction and wear behavior was shown to depend on tribo-chemical reactions and transformation of carbon bond structure.

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Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars

Cited by 1,222 publications

References 57 publications

Overview of automotive engine friction and reduction trends–Effects of surface, material, and lubricant-additive technologies

Overview of automotive engine friction and reduction trends–Effects of surface, material, and lubricant-additive technologies

Oil-soluble ionic liquids as antiwear and extreme pressure additives in poly-α-olefin for steel/steel contacts

Friction and Wear Properties of Tetrahedral Si-Containing Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon Coating under Lubricated Condition with Engine-Oil Containing ZnDTP and MoDTC

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